Wire

frame/surface/
solid modeling
Higher customer quality expectations
Need to have innovation and originality in
design
Need for global collaboration across and
beyond the enterprise among designers,
customers and vendors to reduce
development
lead times
Need to evaluate feasibility throughout the
design process
Wire frame modeling
Surface modeling
Solid modeling
standard surface types available for
surface modeling (box, pyramid, wedge,
dome, sphere, cone, torus, dish and
mesh) techniques are available for
interactive modeling and editing of
curved surface geometry.
Surfaces can be created through an
assembly of polygonal meshes or using
advanced curve and surface modeling
techniques like B-splines or NURBS (Non-
Uniform Rational B-splines).
SOLID MODELING
The representation of solid models uses the
fundamental idea that a physical object divides
the 3-D Euclidean space into two regions, one
exterior and one interior, separated by the
boundary of the solid.

Solid models are:
bounded
homogeneously three dimensional
finite
There are six common representations in solid
modeling.
i. Spatial Enumeration: In this simplest form of
3D volumetric raster model, a section of 3D
space is described by a matrix of evenly
spaced cubic volume
elements called voxels.
ii. Cell Decomposition: This is a hierarchical
adaptation of spatial enumeration. 3D space
is sub-divided into cells. Cells could be of
different sizes. These simple cells are glued
together to describe a solid object.
Boundary Representation: The solid
is represented by its boundary
which consists of a set of faces, a
set of edges and a set of vertices as
well as their topological relations.
Sweep Methods: In this technique a
planar shape is moved along a curve.
Translational sweep can be used to
create prismatic objects and
rotational sweep could be used for
axisymmetric components
Primitive Instancing: This modeling scheme
provides a set of possible object shapes
which are described by a set of parameters.
Instances of object shape can be created
by varying these parameters.
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG): Primitive
instances are combined using
Boolean set operations to create complex
objects.
In most of the modeling packages, the
approach used for modeling
i.Constructive solid geometry (CSG
or C-Rep)
ii. Boundary representation (B-Rep)
iii. Hybrid method which is a
combination of B-Rep and CSG.
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
In a CSG model, physical objects are created
by combining basic elementary shapes
known
as primitives like blocks, cylinders, cones,
pyramids and spheres. The Boolean
operations
like union (), difference () and intersection
are used to carry out this task. For example,
let us assume that we are using two primitives,
a block and a cylinder
A union operation (A B) will combine the two to
convert them into a new solid.(Fig.6.5 (c) The
difference operation (A B) will create a block with a
hole (Fig. 6.5. (D)). An intersection operation (A B)
will yield the portion common to the two 6.5(E)).
Boundary Representation
Boundary representation is built on the concept
that a physical object is enclosed by a set
of faces which themselves are closed and
orientable surfaces. Fig. 6.6 shows a B-rep model
of an object. In this model, face is bounded by
edges and each edge is bounded by vertices.
The entities which constitute a B-rep model
are:
Features/available in typical
solid modeling software are:

Extrude Revolve Thin
Blend Slot Cut
Protrusion Shaft Round
Hole Flange Rib
Chamfer Push Dome
Draft Ear Shell
Offset Lip
Pipe Sweep
Desired
Features of
Cad packages
Design and shape the world around you
with AutoCAD software, one of the
worlds leading CAD programs.
Explore ideas more intuitively in 3D, speed
documentation, share ideas seamlessly,
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needs.
With new and updated tools for 3D
conceptual design, model
documentation, and reality capture,
AutoCAD 2012 helps design professionals
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Model Documentation Tools
Save time by automatically
generating intelligent documentation
for AutoCAD, Autodesk Inventor
software, and other models.
Import a wide variety of other formats
including SolidWorks,
Pro/ENGINEER, CATIA, Rhino, and
NX. Drawing views, edge display,
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3D Free-Form Design Tools

You now have the power to design ideas in
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Simply push/pull faces, edges, and vertices to
model complex shapes, add smooth
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With tools for surface, solid, and mesh
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Autodesk Inventor Fusion

Adds to the 3D conceptual design
capabilities of AutoCAD and sets a new
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ease of use.
It enables you to flexibly edit and
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Parametric Drawing

Dramatically slash your design revision time
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you can infer geometric constraints in real
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Point Cloud Support

Bring your 3D scans to life, streamlining
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Associative Array Functionality


Save valuable rework time by establishing
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Plus, you can now array objects along a
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PDF Support

Sharing and reusing designs has never
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With TrueType font support, import and
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Multi-Function Grips

The power of multi-function grips has
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faces, edges, and vertices.
Hatch & Gradient Enhancements

Save time with hatch preview, gain more
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options for appearance of hatches with
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Easily send all hatches to the back of the
drawing with a single click.
Object & Layer Transparency

Display drawing geometry with more
flexibility by applying transparency to
layers, blocks, or objects.