THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER(BBB)PENAPIS

Final element of brain and protection.

Function -The barrier dynamically resticts the entery of water and many lipid-soluble
substanes from the blood to brain.
BBB made by microvesels or capillaries, that perfuse the brain tissue.
BBB separated to stuctural and chemical.



















Stuctural properties include
Exceedingly tight cell-cell junctions.
Reduced capillary lumen surface area.
To lack of fenestrations in the capillary endothelial cell wall.
Chemical properties inculded

Higher energy yield in brain capillary endothelial cells afforded by a greater mitochondria
concentration.

Diverse number of drug efflux proteins that reduce lipid-soluble drug entry from the
blood to the brain.
Enzymes that metabolisme medication.
Enhancing their removal from brain capillary endothelium or rendering the medication
ineffective on entering the brain.Combination cells on brain endothelial cells is known
neurovascular unit.


















The concept of the neurovascular unit allows an explanation of how different cells
interact to produce the exclusive BBB.
BBB Inculde brain capillary endothelium(brain
microvessels),astrocytes,pericytes,neurons,micoglia.
BBB-physio-chemical barrier between the blood in brain capillaries and the brain matter
on the other side of capillary that protected brain.
Endothelium forms a continous cell layer between the blood and brain.
Endothelium of brain capillaries very tight cell to cell junctions movement of blood to
brain via passage formed between two neighbouring cells,although the strength of these
tight junctions.



















Tight junctions with limited number of fenestrations and a reduced surface area of the
brain capillary.
Most medications via the diffusion pathway.

Fat soluble substances diffuse from the blood through the luminal surface of the brain
capillary.
Inside the brain capillary cell through the abluminal (brain side)wall of the cell into the
brain.
Active drug efflux
Present an exclusive barrier,water soluble substances to brain.
Limited transport mechanisms in the endothelial cell membrane.
Ion channels and substrate transport proteins,as well as recopter mediated movent of
larger molcules via transaytosis.






















Fat(lipid) soluble substances into the brain occurs by diffusion.
Larger number of toxins,natural and synthetic,are lipid soluble the brain is vulnerable to
their effects.
Reduce entry noxious lipidic substances into the brain,membranes on a number of cells.

Neurovascular unit possess different types of efflux proteins.
Efflux proteins removes lipid soluble molecules from membrane or cell pass to BBB.
Transport proteins is belong to the atp-binding cassette(ABC) superfamily or transport
proteins.
These proteins is that they utilise ATP to transport their substrates against the sub stance
diffusion gradient.


















Actively transport the diffusing substances out the cell of BBB back into the blood steram.
These mechanisms,although physiologically useful,present on obstacle to delivering drug
to the brain.Owing to the comprenhensive protection that the drug efflux proteins
collectively provide,few cns-active medications gain access to the brain without being
limited by these BBB located defences.
Transport proteins in neurovascular unit cell membranes may increase levels of central
nervous system.

The increased number of these proteins in the BBB may contribute towards the drug
resistance observed in treatment of chronic cns pathalogies like epilepsy.