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Mekanika Fluida I
Benno Rahardyan
Pertemuan 7
Mg Topik Sub Topik Tujuan Instruksional (TIK)
1 Pengantar Definisi dan sifat-sifat fluida, Memahami berbagai
berbagai jenis fluida yang kegunaan mekflu
berhubungan dengan bidang TL dalam bidang TL
Pengaruh tekanan Tekanan dalam fluida, tekanan Mengerti prinsip-2
hidrostatik tekanan statitka
2 Pengenalan jenis Aliran laminar dan turbulen, Mengerti, dapat
aliran fluida pengembangan persamaan untuk menghitung dan
penentuan jenis aliran: bilangan menggunakan prinsip
reynolds, freud, dll dasar aliran staedy state
3 Prinsip kekekalan Prinsip kontinuitas aliran, Mengerti, dapat
energi dalam komponen energi dalam aliran menggunakan dan
aliran fluida, penerapan persamaan menghitung sistem prinsi
Bernoulli dalam perpipaan hukum kontinuitas
4 Idem Idem + gaya pada bidang Idem
terendam
5 Aplikasi kekekalan Aplikasi kekekalan energi dalam Latihan menggunakan
energi aplikasi di bidang TL prinsip kekekalan
eneri khususnya dalam
bidang air minum
Aplikasi kekekalan Darcy-Weisbach, headloss, major
energi losses dan minor losses
FLUID DYNAMICS
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
Q? Q?
Vout = .257 ft/s
Case 1 Case 2 Qout = AV = .202 ft3/s (cfs)
Bernoulli Example Problem : Free Jets 2
Case 2
0 + Vsurf2/2g + 2 = 0 + Vout2/2g + 0
Continuity eqn remains the same.
R = .5’
4’ R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
Point 1:
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P1/γ = 0
Velocity Head : In a large tank, V1 = 0 V12/2g = 0
Elevation Head : Z1 = 4’
1
γH2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
Point 4:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4
0 + 0 + 4 = 0 + V42/2(32.2) + 1
V4 = 13.9 ft/s
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P4/γ = 0
Velocity Head : V42/2g = 3’
Elevation Head : Z4 = 1’
1
γH2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
Point 3:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V3=V4)
P3/62.4 + 3 + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
P3 = 0
Pressure Head : P3/γ = 0
Velocity Head : V32/2g = 3’
Elevation Head : Z3 = 1’
1
γH2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
Point 2:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3
P2/62.4 + V22/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
Apply the Continuity Equation
(Π.52)V2 = (Π.252)x13.9 V2 = 3.475 ft/s
P2/62.4 + 3.4752/2(32.2) + 1 = 4 P2 = 175.5 lbs/ft2
Pressure Head :
1
P2/γ = 2.81’
γH2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
4’ R = .5’
Velocity Head :
R = .25’ V22/2g = .19’
2
3 4
Elevation Head :
1’ Z2 = 1’
Plotting the EL and HGL
Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads
Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads
V2/2g=.19’
EL
P/γ
=2.81’ V2/2g=3’ V2/2g=3’
Z=4’
HGL
Z=1’ Z=1’
Z=1’
Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation
For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss
along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and
corners take head (energy) out of a system that theoretically conserves
energy. Therefore, to correctly calculate the flow and pressures in pipe
systems, the Bernoulli Equation must be modified.
P1/γ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/γ + V22/2g + z2 + Hmaj + Hmin
Major losses: Hmaj
Major losses occur over the entire pipe, as the friction of the fluid over
the pipe walls removes energy from the system. Each type of pipe as a
friction factor, f, associated with it.
Energy line with no losses
Hmaj
Energy line with major losses
1 2
Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation
Minor Losses : Hmin
Momentum losses in Pipe diameter changes and in pipe bends are called
minor losses. Unlike major losses, minor losses do not occur over the
length of the pipe, but only at points of momentum loss. Since Minor
losses occur at unique points along a pipe, to find the total minor loss
throughout a pipe, sum all of the minor losses along the pipe. Each
type of bend, or narrowing has a loss coefficient, KL to go with it.
Minor
Losses
Major and Minor Losses
Major Losses:
Hmaj = f x (L/D)(V2/2g)
Minor Losses:
Hmin = KL(V2/2g)
Kl = sum of loss coefficients V = Velocity g = gravity
When solving problems, the loss terms are added to the system at the
second point