2 There are some molecules and polyatomic ions for which no single Lewis structure consistent with all characteristics and bonding information can be written. 3 Step 1. The total number of valence electrons is 24, 5 from the nitrogen atom and 6 from each O atom, and 1 from the 1 charge. Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . 4 Since the extra electron present results in nitrate having a 1 charge, the ion is enclosed in brackets with a charge. Step 2. The three O atoms are bonded to a central N atom. Write the skeletal structure and place two electrons between each pair of atoms. Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . O N O : : O :
- 5 Step 3. Subtract the 6 electrons used in Step 2 from 24, the total number of valence electrons, to obtain 18 electrons yet to be placed. Since the extra electron present results in nitrate having a 1 charge, the ion is enclosed in brackets with a charge. O N O : : O :
- Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . 6 O N O O Step 4. Distribute the 18 electrons around the N and O atoms. Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . :
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electron deficient 7 Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . Step 5. One pair of electrons is still needed to give all the N and O atoms a noble gas structure. Move the unbonded pair of electrons from the N atom and place it between the N and the electron-deficient O atom, making a double bond. :
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O N O O : : :
- 8 Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . Step 5. One pair of electrons is still needed to give all the N and O atoms a noble gas structure. Move the unbonded pair of electrons from the N atom and place it between the N and the electron-deficient O atom, making a double bond. N O :
: O :
: :
O :
: :
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- 9 A molecule or ion that shows multiple correct Lewis structures exhibits resonance. Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . Step 5. There are three possible Lewis structures. N O :
: O :
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O :
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- : N O :
: O :
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O :
: :
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- Each Lewis structure is called a resonance structure. N O :
: O :
: :
O :
: :
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- 10 A molecule or ion that shows multiple correct Lewis structures exhibits resonance. Write a Lewis structure for NO 2 . - 3 NO . Step 5. There are three possible Lewis structures. N O :
: O :
: :
O :
: :
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- : N O :
: O :
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O :
: :
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- Each Lewis structure is called a resonance structure. N O :
: O :
: :
O :
: :
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- 11 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 12 A polyatomic ion is a stable group of atoms that has either a positive or negative charge and behaves as a single unit in many chemical reactions. 13 Sodium nitrate, NaNO 3 , contains one sodium ion and one nitrate ion. sodium ion Na +
- 3 NO nitrate ion N O :
: O :
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O :
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- Na + 14 The nitrate ion is a polyatomic ion composed of one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. N O :
: O :
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O :
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- Na + It has a charge of 1 One nitrogen and three oxygen atoms have a total of 23 valence electrons. 15 The 1 charge on nitrate adds an additional valence electron for a total of 24. N O :
: O :
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O :
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- Na + The additional valence electron comes from a sodium atom which becomes a sodium ion. 16 Sodium nitrate has both ionic and covalent bonds. N O :
: O :
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O :
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- Na + Ionic bonds exist between the sodium ions and the carbonate ions. covalent bond covalent bond covalent bond ionic bond Covalent bonds are present between the carbon and oxygen atoms within the carbonate ion. 17 When sodium nitrate is dissolved in water, the ionic bond breaks. N O :
: O :
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O :
: :
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- Na + The sodium ions and nitrate ions separate from each other forming separate sodium and nitrate ions. N O :
: O :
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O :
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- Na + The nitrate ion, which is held together by covalent bonds, remains as a unit. 18 Molecular Shape 19 The 3-dimensional arrangement of the atoms within a molecule is a significant determinant of molecular interactions. 20 11.12 21 The Valence Shell Electron Pair (VSEPR) Model 22 The VSEPR model is based on the idea that electron pairs will repel each other electrically and will seek to minimize this repulsion. To accomplish this minimization, the electron pairs will be arranged as far apart as possible around a central atom. 23 BeCl 2 is a molecule with only two pairs of electrons around beryllium, its central atom. Its electrons are arranged 180 o apart for maximum separation. 24 BF 3 is a molecule with three pairs of electrons around boron, its central atom. Its electrons are arranged 120 o apart for maximum separation. This arrangement of atoms is called trigonal planar. 25 CH 4 is a molecule with four pairs of electrons around carbon, its central atom. An obvious choice for its atomic arrangement is a 90 o angle between its atoms with all of its atoms in a single plane. However, since the molecule is 3-dimensional the molecular structure is tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5 o . 26 Ball and stick models of methane, CH 4 , and carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4 . 11.13 27 Ammonia, NH 3 , has four electron pairs around nitrogen. The arrangement of electron pairs around nitrogen is tetrahedral. 28 The NH 3 molecule is pyramidal. NH 3 has one unbonded pair of electrons. 29 Water has four electron pairs around oxygen. The arrangement of electron pairs around oxygen is tetrahedral. 30 The H 2 O