Load Flow By Newton-Raphson Method

Let us assume that an n -bus power system contains a total n

p
number
of P-Q buses while the number of P-V (generator) buses be n
g
such
that n = n
p
+ n
g
+ 1. Bus-1 is assumed to be the slack bus. We shall
further use the mismatch equations of P
i
and Q
i
given in (4.9) and
(4.10) respectively. The approach to Newton-Raphson load flow is
similar to that of solving a system of nonlinear equations using
the Newton-Raphson method: At each iteration we have to form a
Jacobian matrix and solve for the corrections from an equation of the type
given in (4.27). For the load flow problem, this equation is of the form
(4.30)
where the Jacobian matrix is divided into submatrices as
It can be seen that the size of the Jacobian matrix is ( n + n
p
1) x
( n + n
p
1). For example for the 5-bus problem of Fig. 4.1 this matrix
will be of the size (7 x 7). The dimensions of the submatrices are as
follows:

J
11
: (n - 1) x (n - 1), J
12
: (n - 1) x n
p
, J
21
: n
p
x (n - 1) and J
22
: n
p
x n
p

The submatrices are
(4.31)
(4.32)
(4.35)
(4.34)
(4.33)
Load Flow Algorithm

The Newton-Raphson procedure is as follows:
Step-1: Choose the initial values of the voltage magnitudes |V|
(0)
of
all n
p
load buses and n 1 angles
(0)
of the voltages of all the buses
except the slack bus.
Step-2: Use the estimated |V|
(0)
and
(0)
to calculate a total n 1 number
of injected real power P
calc
(0)
and equal number of real power mismatch
P
(0)
.
Step-3: Use the estimated |V|
(0)
and
(0)
to calculate a total n
p
number of
injected reactive power Q
calc
(0)
and equal number of reactive power
mismatch Q
(0)
.
Step-3: Use the estimated |V|
(0)
and
(0)
to formulate the Jacobian
matrix J
(0)
.
Step-4: Solve (4.30) for
(0)
and |V|
(0)
|V|
(0)
.
Step-5 : Obtain the updates from

(1)
=
(0)
+
(0)

Step-6: Check if all the mismatches are below a small number. Terminate the
process if yes. Otherwise go back to step-1 to start the next iteration with the
updates given by (4.36) and (4.37).
(4.37)
(4.36)
|V|
(1)


= |V|
(0)
1 +
|V|
(0)
|V|
(0)

Formation of the Jacobian Matrix

We shall now discuss the formation of the submatrices of the Jacobian
matrix. To do that we shall use the real and reactive power equations of
(4.6) and (4.7). Let us rewrite them with the help of (4.2) as
P
i
= V

2
G
ii
+

=1
cos(
ik
+
k

) ; k i (4.38)
Q
i
= V

2
B
ii
+

=1
sin(
ik
+
k

) ; k i (4.39)

22

2

11
=
A. Formation of J
11

Let us define J
11
as
(4.40)
It can be seen from (4.32) that L
ik
's are the partial derivatives of P
i
with respect
to
k
. The derivative P
i
(4.38) with respect to k for i k is given by

sin(
ik
+
k

) ; k i
Similarly the derivative P
i
with respect to k for i = k is given by
(4.41)

=1
sin(
ik
+
k

) ; k i
Comparing the above equation with (4.39) we can write

=
i
V

2
B
ii
(4.42)
B. Formation of J
21

Let us define J
21
as

22

2

0
2

0
2


21
= (4.43)
From (4.34) it is evident that the elements of J
21
are the partial derivative
of Q with respect to . From (4.39) we can write

cos(
ik
+
k

) ; k i (4.44)
Similarly for i = k we have

=1
cos(
ik
+
k

) ; k i
=
i
V

2
G
ii
(4.45)

The last equality of (4.45) is evident from (4.38).
C. Formation of J
12

Let us define J
12
as

22

2

12
= (4.46)
As evident from (4.33), the elements of J
21
involve the derivatives of real
power P with respect to magnitude of bus voltage |V| . For i k , we can
write from (4.38)

cos(
ik
+
k

) = -M
ik
; k i
For i = k we have

= 2

ii
+


Formation of J
22

For the formation of J
22
let us define

22

2

22
=
For i k we can write from (4.39)

sin(
ik
+
k

) = L
ik
; k i
Finally for i = k we have

= 2

ii

We therefore see that once the submatrices J
11
and J
21
are computed, the
formation of the submatrices J
12
and J
22
is fairly straightforward. For large
system this will result in considerable saving in the computation time.
L
23
(0)

= Y
23

V
2
(0)

V
3
(0)
sin(
23
+
3

2
) =
23
sin
23
=
23
= 4.8077
Solution of Newton-Raphson Load Flow

The Newton-Raphson load flow program is tested on the system of Fig. 4.1 with
the system data and initial conditions given in Tables 4.1 to 4.3. From (4.41) we
can write
Similarly from (4.39) we have
L
23
(0)
= V
2
(0)
2
B
22
Y
2k

V
2
(0)

V
k
(0)

=1
sin(
2
+

2
) ; k2
= B
22
1.05 B
21
B
23
B
24
1.02 B
25
= 0.6327
Hence from (4.42) we get
L
22
(0)
= Q
2


(0
) V
2
(0)
2
B
22
= 0.6327
22
= 18.8269

In a similar way the rest of the components of the matrix J
11
(0)
are
calculated. This matrix is given by
J
11
(0)
=
18.8269
4.8077
4.8077
11.1058
0
3.8462
0
3.9231
3.8462
2.4519
5.8077
1.9615

3.9231
2.4519
1.9615
12.4558

For forming the off diagonal elements of J
21
we note from (4.44) that
M
23
(0)
= Y
23

V
2
(0)

V
3
(0)
cos(
23
+
3

2
) =
23
= 0.9615
Also from (4.38) the real power injected at bus-2 is calculated as
P
2
(0)
= V
2
(0)
2

22
Y
2k

V
2
(0)

V
k
(0)

=1
cos(
2
+

2
) ; k2
= G
22
+ 1.05 G
21
+
23
+
24
+ 1.02 G
25
= 0.1115
Hence from (4.45) we have
M
22
(0)
= P
2


(0
) V
2
(0)
2

22
=

3.7654

Similarly the rest of the elements of the matrix J
21
are calculated. This
matrix is then given as
J
21
(0)
=
3.7654
0.9615
0.9615
2.2212
0
0.7692
0 0.7692 1.1615

0.7846
0.4904
0.3923

For calculating the off diagonal elements of the matrix J
12
we note from
(4.47) that they are negative of the off diagonal elements of J
21
. However
the size of J
21
is (3 X 4) while the size of J
12
is (4 X 3). Therefore to avoid
this discrepancy we first compute a matrix M that is given by
M

=
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22

M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22

The elements of the above matrix are computed in accordance with (4.44)
and (4.45). We can then define

J
21
= M(1:3, 1:4) and J
12
= M(1:3, 1:4)
Furthermore the diagonal elements of J
12
are overwritten in accordance
with (4.48). This matrix is then given by
J
12
(0)
=
3.5423
0.9615
0.9615
2.2019
0
0.7692
0
0.7846
0.7692
0.4904
1.1462
0.3923

Finally it can be noticed from (4.50) that J
22
= J
11
(1:3, 1:3). However the
diagonal elements of J
22
are then overwritten in accordance with (4.51).
This gives the following matrix
J
12
(0)
=
17.5615
4.8077
4.8077
10.8996
0
3.8462
0 3.8462 5.5408

From the initial conditions the power and reactive power are
computed as
P
calc

(0)
=
0.115 0.0096 0.0077
0.0098

Q
calc

(0)
=
0.6327 0.1031 0.1335

Consequently the mismatches are found to be
P
(0)
= 0.8485 0.3404 0.1523 0.2302

(0)
= 0.0127 0.0396 0.0535

Then the updates at the end of the first iteration are given as

1
(0)

2
(0)

3
(0)

4
(0)

=
4.91
6.95
7.19
3.09

2
(0)

3
(0)

4
(0)

deg
=
0.9864
0.9817
0.9913

The load flow converges in 7 iterations when all the power and reactive
power mismatches are below 10
6
.