OUT LINE

1. Transmission Line(Over Head / Under

ground)
2. Type of conductors.
3. Switching Schemes.
4. Switchyard / substation Layouts.

1. Transmission Line
Transmission lines and associated
substations and their equipment / material
are major assets of an power utility

Optimum utilisation of assets and providing
reliable and quality power is the objective of
an utility
Contd..
Conventional Type

Lattice Type (Commonly used in India)
Guye type
Pole type

Gas Insulated Transmission Line(GITL)
Gas used (SF6+N2)
Could be under ground / over the ground

Lattice type towers
Single Circuit (Tension Towers, suspension
Towers)
Double Circuit (Tension Towers, suspension
Towers)
Multi Circuit(Tension Towers, suspension
Towers)
Multi Circuit & Multi Voltage (Tension
Towers, suspension Towers)
Dead end type (Tension Towers)

Continued
Tower classification based on angle of
Deviation

Type A 0 to 2 degree (suspension tower)
Type B 2 to 15 degree (Tension tower)
Type C 15 to 30 degree (Tension tower)
Type D 30 to 60 degree / Dead end tower
- (Tension tower)

Continued
Percentage of different types of tower

Plain Area

Type A 72%
Type B 12%
Type C 12%
Type D 4%

Suspension type About 70%
Tension type About 30%
Continued
Percentage of different types of tower

Plain Area

Type A --
Type B 35%
Type C 35%
Type D 30%

Suspension type Almost Nil
Different Types of Towers
Suspension Towers (HVAC, HVDC)
No. of Disc Insulators
No. of Disc Insulators
800kV 40/4x35
420kV 23/2x23
245kV 14/15
145kV 9/10
72.5kV 5/6
Tower Design
Wind Force.
Conductor Tension.
Span.
Type of conductor (Bundle / single)
Ice loading

Contd
Right of Way Requirement and power transmission
capability

800kV 85/64m(S/C) / 67m(D/C) 2500-3000 MW
420kV 52m(S/C) / 46m(D/C) 600-700 MW
245kV 35 m 150-160 MW
145kV 27 m 50-60 MW
72.5kV 22 m 10-15 MW
36kV 18 m
115kV 15 m
+/- 500kV HVDC 52m 2000-2500MW
+/- 800kV HVDC 70m 6000-6400MW
1200kV 100m 6000-8000MW

Clearances and Shielding angle in respect of
Transmission lin
Ground Mid span Sag Shield
Clearance (m) Clearance(m) (m) Angle
(Deg.)
800kV 12.4 12.4 10
420kV 8.84 9.00 13 20
245kV 7.00 8.50 9 30
145kV 6.10 6.10 7 30
72.5kV 5.50 3.00 5 30

Current Carrying Capacity
Heat Generated (Conductor loss) = Hc + Hr Hs
Where Conductor loss = I x I x Rt
I = Current rating
Rt = Resistance at temperature t
= R20 (1+ alpha x delta t)
Hc = Heat Loss by Convection
Hr = Heat Loss by radiation
Hs = Heat generated by solar radiation
Hc depends on wind velocity (Typical value 0.5 to 0.6 m/sec)
Hr depends on emissivity of conductor ( Typical value 0.6)
Hs depends on

solar absorption coefficient
(depends on outward condition of conductor- Typically 0.6 for new bright & shiny
conductor & 0.9 for old conductor)

and intensity of solar radiation (Typical value 1500W/sq. m)

Current Carrying Capacity
ACSR Conductor
(Ambient 50 deg. C and Max. 85 deg. C)
Dog(14.15mm) 270A
Panter(21mm) 415A
Zebra(28.62mm) 620A
Moose(31.77mm, 520 Sq. mm, 54/3.53mm Al 700A (Amb. 50)
7/3.53mm St) 850A (Amb. 40)
Snowbird (30.6mm , 523.67 Sq. mm, 54/3.895mm Al ) 700A
7/2.215mm St)
Bersimis(35.1mm) 820A
Lapwing(38.2mm) 880A
AAA Conductor
(Ambient 50 deg. C and Max. 85 deg. C)
AAAC (29.79mm, 525 Sq. mm, 61/3.31mm Al) 700A
Permissible Line Loading
Line loading Depends on
Voltage Regulation
Stability
Current carrying capacity (Thermal loading)

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) - Limits
loading of long line
For short line loading can go beyond SIL
limit
Permissible loading limit to be restricted to
Thermal Loading limit
Surge Impedance
The surge impedance loading or SIL of a
transmission line is the MW loading of a
transmission line at which a natural reactive power
balance occurs.
MVAR produced = MVAR used
V*V/Xc = I*I*Xl
Surge Impedance = SQRT(L/C)
Approx. 250 ohms for >= 420kV and
350 Ohms < 420kV

Permissible Line Loading
Voltage Size of conductor SIL (MW)
level

765 kV 4x ACSR Bersimis 2250 MW
400 kV 2x ACSR Moose 515 MW
400 kV 4x ACSR Moose 614 MW

Thermal lading depends on
Ambient Temperature
Maximum permissible conductor temperature(ACSR: 75
0
C, AAAC:
85
0
C)
Wind Velocity

Conductor Current Thermal loading

800 kV ACSR Bersimis 820A 900 MW
400 kV ACSR Moose 700A 400 MW
Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria
Fault Clearance System
Fault Clearance System
Protection System
CT
VT
TE
Protection
Equipment
Trip
Coil
Circuit Breaker
Breaker
Circuit
Mecha-
nism
Figure 1 The fault clearance system.
DC-System


Neutral point earthing

Effectively earthed (EFF up to 1.4)
(earth fault current may be 60 to 120%)
Non-effectively earthed (EFF 1.7)
Isolated

Control in general

Whether disconnectors are operated manually /
by motor
Presence of earthing switches
Whether control is via alocal control board or a
local computer terminal
Degree of substation automation, sequence
control
Remote control from grid control centre
Regulations
Whether station is manned or unmanned





Contd.

Protection in general
Substations to be constructed so that all
possible faults can be eliminated:
Selectively
Fault current rating of lines and equipment
is not exceeded
No danger to personnel
Stability of system is maintained
Load and production held in balance

Contd.
Protection according to protected items

Line protection (Distance protection, over
voltage,)

Transformer Protection (Differential, O/C &
E/F protection, REF, over fluxing protection,
WT/OT, Buchholz, overload)

Bus bar protection

Breaker failure protection

Compensating equipment protection
Contd.
According to type of protection

Short Circuit protection
Earth Fault protection
Harmonic protection
Overload protection
Over voltage protection
Over fluxing protection

Automatic switching schemes (Load
shedding, auto reclosing, network
sectionalisation and splitting of the network)

Transmission Line Protection

Sl.
No.
Protection 765
kV
400
kV
220 kV 132
kV or
66 kV
(a) Main I- Distance
protection

Y Y Y Y
(b) Main II- Distance
protection or directional
comparison protection or
phase segregated line
differential protection

Y Y Y/N N
(c) Directional instantaneous
definite minimum time
(IDMT) type earth fault
relay
Y

Y

Y if both
Main-I &
Main-II are
distance
protection
s
otherwise
N
N
(d) Directional IDMT over
current and earth fault
back up protection

N N Y if
Main-II is
not
provided
otherwise
N
Y
(e) Two stage over voltage
protection

Y Y N N
(f) Auto reclosing Y
(Singl
e
phase
and
three
phase)
Y
(Single
phase
and
three
phase)
Y
(Single
phase and
three
phase)

Y
(Three
phase)

Note: (1) Y- Required; N- Not required; Y/N- Optional.

(2) Transmission lines with distance protection shall, in
general, have carrier aided inter-tripping or blocking
feature. Separate cores of current transformer and voltage
transformer shall be used for Main-I and Main-II.


Transformer Protection

Sl.
No.
Protection 765
kV
400
kV
220 kV
or
132 kV
66 kV
(a) Differential protection

Y Y Y Y
(b) Over fluxing protection

Y Y Y N
(c) Restricted earth fault
(REF) protection

Y Y Y Y
(d) Backup directional over
current and earth fault
protection (HV and LV
side) or impedance
protection

Y Y Y Y
(e) Buchholz, WTI and OTI
(for 1 MVA and above),
MOG with low oil level
alarm, OSR for OLTC,
PRD, SA on both primary
and secondary sides of
transformers located
outdoors and connected
to over head lines

Y Y Y Y
(f) Tertiary winding
protection
Y Y Y
(above
100MVA
rating)
N
(g) Over load alarm

Y Y Y N

Note: (1) Y- Required; N- Not required.

(2) WTI- winding temperature indicator; OTI- oil temperature
indicator; OLTC- on load tap changer; PRD- pressure
relieve device; OSR- oil surge relay; MOG- magnetic oil
gauge; SA- surge arrester.

Reactor Protection

Sl.
No.
Protection

765 kV 400 kV
(a) Differential protection

Y Y
(b) REF protection

Y Y


Mechanical Forces
Weight (Normal weight of apparatus,
conductors, structures etc.; temporary loads
due to frost & ice, maintenance staff)
Wind Load
Ice load

Short Circuit Loads

Earth Quake load wherever necessary

Maintenance and / or erection load

Additional mechnical loads (due to low
ambient tempt., CB operation)
CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULT CONDITION
x
x x x
Fault
1500A
W

W

W

Diff
Relay
W

250A
450A
300A
1000A/1
A
B
C
D
500A
0.25A 0.45A 0.30A
1.0A
1000A
CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
INTERNAL FAULT CONDITION


x
x x x
W

W

W

W

Fault
87
1.5A
Diff.
relay
250A
450A
300A 500A
1000/1A
0.25A
0.45A
0.30A
0.50A
A
B C


D