Battery Pack by PC

Batteries in Series and/or parallel-
connected battery pack

Simulation of a single battery may be
complicated; simulation of a battery pack of
multiple batteries is more difficult and tedious.

Most studies have focused on a single battery,
very little were done on multiple batteries,
especially lithium-ion batteries.

Battery packs of multi-batteries supply high
voltage when batteries are connected in series
and high capacity when connected in parallel.
Generally in battery packs of parallel connection,
batteries of similar parameters (type, resistance,
and capacity) are chosen.
Gan and Takeuchi have shown that a battery of
high discharge capability with a battery of large
capacity in parallel has better discharge
performance and better discharge efficiency than
any of the single battery
Numerical simulation for the discharge
behaviors of batteries in series
and/or parallel-connected battery pack
Mao-Sung Wu , Chang-Yen Lin , Yung-Yun Wang , Chi-Chao Wan , C.R. Yang
A calculation method has been proposed based
on a semi-experimental equation
Discharge data of different types of single lithium-
ion battery has been used as input
Discharge behavior of the entire battery pack
composed of several different-type batteries in
series and/or in parallel may be calculated
Every single battery in a pack may be monitored.

Discharge curve of lithium ion batteries of 750
mAh, 1300 mAh, 1900 mAh and 2000 mAh at
different discharge currents have been collected
Voltage variation prediction in constant current
discharge can be made
A new discharge curve at another current can be
predicted which is helpful for predicting the
behavior similar batteries in series and parallel.

Similar batteries in series will have the same
current of the entire system(Battery Pack)
System voltage is the sum of each individual
voltages
In parallel connection the systems current is
equally distributed to each battery for similar
type of batteries.
Practically parallel connection is more complex
for batteries of different discharge capacities.

A iteration method is used. For two batteries
for example A and B in parallel
I
B
(t)=I
system
(t)-I
A
(t)

After I
A
(t) is preset I
B
(t) can be calculated to
obtain their corresponding voltage. This
iteration continues with a view to getting
same voltage across both the batteries.
Binary search in data structures is common for
picking correct current value.
Convergence condition is set at |VA-VB|<10
8
Calculation Method for a multi-battery
system in parallel and/ or series
The discharge behavior of the pack can be
measured, regardless whether the batteries
are similar or different
Multi battery simulation is required
any circuitry may be simplified into parallel- or
series-connections of two batteries
Three battery circuitry is discussed

For series connection
V
system
(t)= V
A
(t)+ V
B
(t)+ V
C
(t)
V
A
(t)=V
A
(I
system
(t), C
A
(t))
V
B
(t)=V
B
(I
system
(t), C
B
(t))
V
C
(t)=V
C
(I
system
(t), C
C
(t))
Current is given as input and voltage across each
battery can be found.

In case of parallel connection
I
system
(t)=I
A
(t)+ I
B
(t)+ I
C
(t)
V
system
(t)=V
A
(t)
V
system
(t)=V
B
(t)
V
system
(t)=V
C
(t)
V
A
(t)=V
A
(I
system
(t), C
A
(t))
V
B
(t)=V
B
(I
system
(t), C
B
(t))
V
C
(t)=V
C
(I
system
(t), C
C
(t))

Iteration is used to estimate the currents
Here I
A
(t) and I
B
(t) should be preset to get I
C
(t)
Time consuming method
Simplification has been done
I
system
(t)>= I
A
(t)+I
B
(t) as I
C
(t) cannot be to
extreme(I
system
(t) or zero)

Parallel connection between A and B has been
considered and discharge curves between
I
system
(t) and zero have been extracted.
A and B is considered as a new battery D. Now
I
system
(t)=I
C
(t) + I
D
(t). Current for C and D are
calculated
Then current for A and B are calculated from
I
D
(t).
A method for the estimation of the
battery pack state of charge based
on in-pack cells uniformity analysis
Liang Zhong, Chenbin Zhang, Yao He, Zonghai Chen
Difference among the cells and impact of balance control
have been considered
Series and parallel connection are studied
Unsccented particle filter algorithm has been used
Based on the model of the first overcharged cell and that of
the first over-discharged cell, the estimation of the SOC of a
battery pack is realized
Experimentally verified that an accurate estimation value
can be obtainedan accurate estimation value can be
obtained
A method for the estimation of the battery pack state of charge based on
in-pack cells uniformity analysis
The in-pack cell with the lowest available
capacity will determine the available capacity
of the entire pack
The charging of the pack will stop when the in-
pack cell with the highest available capacity is
full
The variations in the individual cells are
primarily the cell total capacity, internal
resistance and the initial value of the SOC
A battery management system (BMS) with a
balance control unit addresses the uneven cell
problem
In this study, the relationship between the
pack parameters (SOC and total capacity) and
the parameters of the in-pack cells with
consideration of the different balance control
strategies has been established
The SOC of B1 and B2 are determined by the UPF
algorithm with their corresponding battery
models, and then the pack SOC can be calculated
based on their relationship.
B1=First Over discharged cell
B2=First over charged cell
Definition of the pack SOC is first described
The relationship between the parameters of the
pack and those of the in-pack cells has been
analyzed
Common Battery model for B1 and B2
The UPF algorithm is applied to estimate the
SOC of B1 and B2
Using the parameters of B1 and B2, the pack
SOC is calculated
SOC of a single cell
The relationship between battery units and
the pack can be converted into the
relationship between the in-pack cells and the
pack

Series Connection
The SOC and total capacity of each cell are
denoted by SOC
i
and C
i
Without Balance Control

a)The battery pack capacity is the sum of the
minimum cell capacity that can be charged
and the minimum remaining cell capacity that
can be discharged

b) The total capacity of the pack

c) SOC of the Pack

c) The minimum remaining cell capacity in the
fully charged pack as c
min
, the corresponding
cell SOC as SOC
cell
and the total capacity of the
cell as C
cell
The SOC of the pack is

Passive Balance Control
a) Pack total capacity

a) The pack SOC with passive control is

Active Balance Control
a) Charge is transferred between cells to
achieve the balance
b) Total capacity of the pack is the mean
capacity of the cells

c) SOC of the pack is

Parallel Connection
Each branch can be regarded to be a one unit,
with the SOC and total capacity of each
branch denoted by SOC
pack _i
and C
pack_i
Total Capacity of the pack is

SOC of the pack is

Cell with the minimum chargeable capacity is first to be
over-charged(B2)
Minimum remaining capacity is first to be over-
discharged(B1)
pack SOC can be simplified by the parameters of B1 and B2

Passive Balance: cell with the minimum total capacity is
first to be over-discharged, so the pack SOC can be
expressed as the SOC of B1

Active Balance: The pack SOC can be the SOC of any one of
the cells SOC in the pack. To reduce the estimation error,
the pack SOC is represented by the mean SOC of B1 and B2

SOC and total capacity of each branch can be
calculated as mentioned below.

SOC and total capacity of each branch will lead to
the calculation of SOC and capacity of total
parallel pack.
Lithium Ion Battery Model
1. Single Battery Model is

2. To estimate the SOC of B1 and B2, their
respective models are constructed
3. Linear state space equations are derived through
discretization

UPF algorithm has been used to estimate the
single cells SOC and the pack SOC based on the
non-linear state space equations of B1 and B2.
Simulation and Experimental results
I. To analyze the impact of the cell-to-cell variation on the
estimation of the pack SOC
II. To verify the applicability of the algorithm based on UPF
III. The pack is composed of IPF1865140 type cells in series
with a nominal capacity of 10 Ah. The cells are with a
nominal voltage of 3.2 V

Battery Model Identification and validation has
been done i.e. parameters of the battery model
were determined experimentally and compared
Analysis of the UPF algorithm and the
estimation of the pack SOC
a. the battery pack was first discharged at C1 rate for
approximately 20 min and then operated for approximately 10
cycles
b. The error of the estimation of a single battery SOC based on the
UPF algorithm is 1.0779%, while the error based on the UKF
algorithm is 2.803%
Cell SOC Estimation Curve for two
methods
C. With the choice of the appropriate battery model, the
SOC of the first over-discharged battery B1 and the first over-
charged battery B2 could be obtained by using the UPF
algorithm

D. For the case when the initial value of the SOC of each in-
pack cell is different from each other, the SOC estimation of
the pack was analyzed. Assume the SOC of B1 is 50% and B2 is
55%.
SOC estimation error of B1 and B2 were 1.0789% and
1.3903% respectively
Cell SOC Estimation with different
initial value
SOC Estimation of a battery Pack with inconsistency of
the initial SOC value among in-pack cells
SOC Estimation of a battery Pack with inconsistency of
the initial SOC value among in-pack cells
Errors for different types balance are
calculated

SOC Estimation of cells with different internal
resistance and same Initial SOC for cells
The SOC estimation of the cells with different total
capacity and their SOC comparison
Assumption(B1-50% and B2-55%)
The SOC estimation of the battery pack with
inconsistency of the in-pack
cell total capacity
Conclusion
The pack SOC estimation was transformed into
the estimation of the parameters of the first over-
charged cell and the first over-discharged cell.
Applying the UPF algorithm to the single
cellmodel, the SOC of the single cell was
obtained, and thus the pack SOC was calculated
Parallel connection was not studied

Battery Pack by PC

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Batteries in Series and/or parallel-

connected battery pack

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