GSM - Logical Channels and Frames

2.
1
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
GSM Logical Channels and Frame Structure
Mobile Communications
GSM
Logical Channels and Frame Structure
2.2
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Logical Channels
Large amount of data is constantly moved between MS
and BTS voice/data & signalling data
Depending of the required information, different logical
channels are used. These logical channels are mapped
onto the physical channels -> time slots
Digital speech is carried out in logical channel called traffic channel
which during the transmission is allocated in certain time slot(s)
Pre-allocation of time slots is not done -> just about any
time slot / RF carrier can be used to number of tasks
Two basic channles used for carrying user data or
encoded speech data, both UL & DL directions.
Traffic Channel(s)
Control Channel(s)
Cell Broadcast CHannel is defined in GSM standard but is
not mandatory for the opertators to deploy
2.3
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Logical Channels
2.4
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Logical Channels
Control CHannel (CCH) is divided to (3)
(1) Broadcast CHannel (BCH) -> DL channels
Broadcast Contorl CHannel (BCCH)
- contains specific parameters needed by a mobile in order that it can
identify the network and gain access to it. Typical information includes the
LAC (Location Area Code) and RAC (Routing Area Code) and MNC (Mobile
Network Code) broadcasted continuously with full power
Frequency Correction CHannel (FCCH)
- sends all-zero-burst to represent unmodulated carrier for MS to tune
accurately to BS.
Synchronation CHannel (SCH)
- The purpose of the SCH is to allow the mobile station (handset) to quickly
identify a nearby cell (a BTS and synchronize to that BTS's TDMA
structures. Each radio burst on the SCH contains, the current frame clock
of the serving BTS & the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)
(2) Common Control CHannel (CCCH) >used before DCCH assign
Paging CHannel (PCH) DL
Acess Grant CHannel (AGCH) DL
Random Access CHannel (RACH) UL (DCCH req.)

2.5
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Logical Channels
(3) Dedicated Control CHannel
Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel (SDCCH)
- Authnetication, location updates & TCH assignment
- SDCCH can chare a channel with BCH and CCCH. So there can be 4
SDCCHs (SDCCH/4) mapped onto same phyical channel or there can be
8 SDCCHs (SDCCH/8) saring a physical channel

Assiosiated Control CHannel (ACCH)
- Slow Assiosiated Control CHannel (SACCH)
> Used for most short transactions, including initial call setup step and
SMS transfer
> SACCH can be sent along with Full or Half rate TCHs (SACCH/TF or
SACCH/TH) and it can be also sent along with SDCCH/4 and SDCCH/8
(SACCH/C4 & SACCH/C8)
- Fast Assiosiated Contorl CHannel (FACCH)
> Call disconnect & Handove
> FACCH is also used along with Full or Half rate TCHs (FACCH/F &
FACCH/H)
-

2.6
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Logical Channels
Cell Broadcast CHannel

Cell Broadcast (CB) A.K.A Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB). Cell Broadcast
service is designed for simultaneous delivery of messages to multiple users in a specified
area. Whereas the SMS - Point to Point is a one-to-one & one-to-a-few service, Cell
Broadcast is a one-to-many geographically focused messaging service. Also supported by
UMTS, as defined by 3GPP.

Can be used for nationwide or citywide alerting, weather reports, mass messaging, location
based news, etc. All operators are not using the feature, and many handsets do not have
the capability to support cell broadcast.

Allows message distribution to all mobile terminals connected to a set of cells, messages >
are sent point-to-area, Cell Broadcast messages are directed to radio cells, rather than to a
specific terminal. CB is unconfirmed push service, meaning that the originator of the
message does not know who has received the message, allowing for services based on
anonymity.
Cell Broadcast messaging has a number of features that make it particularly appropriate for
emergency purposes:

It is not as affected by traffic load; therefore, it may be usable during a disaster when load spikes
tend to crash networks. Used for example in:
7 July 2005 London bombings - to send information to mobile users in the area
During the Tsunami catastrophe in Asia. Dialog GSM, an operator in Sri Lanka was able to provide
ongoing emergency information to its subscribers, to warn of incoming waves, to give news updates,
to direct people to supply and distribution centres, and even to arrange donation collections

Broadcast range can be varied, from a single cell to the entire network.
2.7
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4.615 ms
546.5 s
577 s
tail user data Training S
guard
space
S user data tail
guard
space
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits 1 1 3
GSM Frame Structure
2.8
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
GSM hierarchy of frames
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047 ...
hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50 ...
0 1 24 25 ...
superframe
0 1 24 25 ...
0 1 2 48 49 50 ...
0 1 6 7 ...
multiframe
frame
burst
slot
577 s
4.615 ms
120 ms
235.4 ms
6.12 s
3 h 28 min 53.76 s
2.9
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Bursts
ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number)

specifies a pair of physical radio carriers and channels used
for transmission and reception on the Um Interface in GSM
cellular networks, one for the uplink signal and one for the
downlink signal.

Each of the 8 users (of Frequency Channel) utilizes the same
ARFCN and occupies an unique time slot per frame.
2.10
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Bursts
Normal burst
57 bits of data or speech
One bit stealing flag -> whether the burst was stolen from
FACCH
Training sequence for creating the channel model
Tail bits (0,0,0) to provide start & stop bit patterns
Guard period to prevent overlap
2.11
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Bursts
Synchronization Burst
Used for time synch for mobile
MS will know whatk kind of channel is being transmitted on
the CCH time slot 0
Frequency correction Channel Burst
Zero burst to frequency correction of MS (unmodulated)
Access Burst
Used for random access
Has longer guard time (MS might not know the timing)
Dummy Burst
Used for sending synchonization info
No user data is sent
2.12
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Mobility Management
GSM Networks are divided in to GPA - GSM PLMN Areas
GPAs consist of Location Areas (LA)
LA -> cluster of cells (A.K.A Routing Area)
MS registers it self to new LA and is free to move inside
without more registrations
When call is to be delivered to MS only the particular LA is
paged where the mobile is situated
LA Indentification (LAI) code includes
Mobile Country Code (MCC)
Mobile Network Code (MNC)
LA Code (LAC)
Global Cell identification includes LAI + Cell Indentity (CI)
MSC covers 1 or more LAs, LA covers 1 or more BSS, BSS
covers 1 or more cell areas
2.13
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
LA & Cell Indentification
MCC
MNC LAC
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
LA = Location Area Code
CI = Cell Identity
MCC
MNC LAC CI
LAI
Global Cell Indetification
2.14
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Location Registration
Geographical
BSSs broadcast LAC, MS compares the new LAC with the
last LAC and registration is taken in place if change is
detected.
When a mobile finds that the LAC is different from its last update, it
sends a location update request, together with its previous location
Time based
MS registers periodically
Update intervals are proadcasted by BS (6 min -> 25 hours)
MS initiates update when time expires
MS power on/off
MS power up is attach operation and causes registration
Power off is detach causes deregistration
Delete VLR entry
Leave VLR entry, but flag detached

2.15
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
MS identification
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique
number associated with all GSM and UMTS network
mobile phone users.
Stored in the SIM and is sent by the phone to the network. It
is also used to acquire other details of the mobile in the
Home Location Register (HLR)

IMSI is 15 digits long. The first 3 digits are the Mobile
Country Code (MCC), and is followed by the Mobile
Network Code (MNC). The remaining digits are the Mobile
Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number
MSISDN.
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
2.16
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
MS identification
IMSI is sent as rarely as possible and a randomly-generated
TMSI is sent instead.

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is the identity that
is most commonly sent between the mobile and the network.
TMSI is randomly assigned by the VLR to every mobile in the
area, the moment it is switched on. The number is local to a
location area, and so it has to be updated each time the mobile
moves to a new geographical area.

The network can also change the TMSI of the mobile at any
time. And it normally does so, in order to avoid the subscriber
from being identified, and tracked by eavesdroppers on the
radio interface. This makes it difficult to trace which mobile is
which, except briefly, when the mobile is just switched on. At
that point, IMSI must be sent to the network.
A key use of the TMSI is in paging a mobile. "Paging" is the
one-to-one communication between the mobile and the base
station. The most important use of broadcast information is to
set up channels for "paging".
2.17
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
MS identification - IMSI
2.18
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
Signaling System 7
In-Band Signalling
In telecommunications, in-band signaling is the sending of
metadata and control information in the same band, on the
same channel, as used for data.
In-band signaling is insecure because it exposes control
signals, protocols and management systems to the user(s),
which may result in falsing. -> blue boxes were popular in
the 1960s and 1970s

Falsing -> decoder assuming that it is detecting a valid input when
one is not present.
telephone answering machine detecting dial pulses from a rotary
dial as ringing voltage. The result being that the answering machine
answers in response to dialing.
telephone circuit drops calls because it sees distorted waveform as
a valid "on-hook" signal
2.19
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Out-of-band signalling
Common data channel is used to convey signalling
information (between trunks)
Signalling in ISDN
Signalling between user and network node access
signalling
Digital Subscriber Signalling System No.1 (DSSS1)
Signalling between network nodes network signalling
Signalling System 7

Common Channel Signaling protocols have been developed by
major telephone companies and the ITU-T since 1975 and the first
international Common Channel Signaling protocol was defined by
the ITU-T as Signalling System No. 6 in 1977. Signalling System
No. 7 was defined as an international standard by ITU-T in its 1980
(Yellow Book) Q.7XX-series recommendations. SS7 was designed to
replace Signalling System No. 6, which had a restricted 28-bit
signal unit that was both limited in function and not amenable to
digital systems.
2.20
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony
signaling protocols which are used to set up most of the world's
PSTN calls.
The main purpose is to set up and tear down telephone calls.
Number translation, prepaid billing mechanisms & short
message service (SMS)

It is usually abbreviated as Signaling System No. 7, Signaling
System #7, or just SS7. In North America it is often referred to
as CCSS7 "Common Channel Signaling System 7". In UK it is
sometimes called C7.

There is only one international SS7 protocol defined by ITU-T in
its Q.700-series recommendations. There are however, many
national variants of the SS7 protocols. Most national variants
are based on two widely deployed national variants as
standardized by ANSI and ETSI
2.21
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7 Network modes
Assiciated mode
Directly interconnected singnalling relation two signalling
points are in signalling reation in direct link
Nonassociated mode
Two nodes are in signalling realtion over two or more link
sets & pass through one or more signalling points
Quasi-associated mode
Nonassiciated mode where the path is predetermined and
fixed
Quasi structure is designed for 100% redundancy
In single point of failure, the traffic can be diverted to alternative
paths that do not increace the number of transfer points
Network elements can handle 2 times the traffic peak load
2.22
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Quasi structure in SS7 signalling network
2.23
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
SS7 has also performace related requirements specified in
the ITU-T recommendations to
Limit the delay in signalling connections between networks
To achieve a high level of availability of signalling connections
Also national and international signalling networks are
specified.
Each national network must have atleast one Signalling Point
providing international SS7 traffic functions (optimizd
provision of international SS7 traffic)
National singalling uses average and large size country
specifig parameters
Average size country specs has max 1000km destance in network
between subscriber and international switch & max 10 million
subscribers
Number of recommended SPs and STPs are given
2.24
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7 Network Service Part
SS7 is divided to User Part (UP) and Network Service Part
(NSP)
Besides signalling SS7 is used in GSM network for
OAM&P - Operations, Administration, Maintenance, &
Provisioning.
Operations encompass automatic monitoring of environment,
detecting and determining faults and alerting admins.
Administration typically involves collecting performance stats,
accounting data for the purpose of billing, capacity planning using
usage data and maintaining system reliability. It can also involve
maintaining the service databases which are used to determine
periodic billing.
Maintenance involves upgrades, fixes, new feature enablement,
backup and restore and monitoring the media health. The major
task is Diagnostics and troubleshooting.
Provisioning is the setting up of the User accounts, devices and
services.
SMS Short Message Service
2.25
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Delay is one principal measures of SS7
Max post dial delay is 2.2 seconds for 95% of calls
STP are limited for this reason
SS7 has 4 layer system in Network Service Part: 3 MTP
levels and Signalling Connection Control Part SCCP
Level 1 - Data Link Functional Level (Data Link Level).
MTP1 represents the physical layer, the layer that is responsible for
the connection of SS7 Signaling Points into the transmission
network. Primarily, this involves the conversion of messaging into
electrical signal and the maintenance of the physical links through
which these pass.
Level 2 - Link Functional Level (Link Level).
MTP2 provides error detection and sequence checking, and
retransmits unacknowledged messages
Level 3 - Network Functional Level (Network Level).
MTP3 provides routing functionality to transport signaling messages
through the SS7 network to the requested endpoint.
2.26
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is a network
layer protocol that provides extended routing, flow
control, segmentation, connection-orientation, and error
correction facilities in SS7 telecommunications networks.
SCCP relies on the services of MTP for basic routing and
error detection.
SCCP is MTP user part and upper part of MTP3
Although MTP provides routing capabilities based upon the
Point Code, SCCP allows routing using a Point Code and
Subsystem number or a Global Title.
A Point Code is used to address a particular node on the
network, whereas a Subsystem number addresses a specific
application available on that node.
SCCP employs a process called Global Title Translation to
determine Point Codes from Global Titles so as to instruct
MTP on where to route messages

2.27
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
2.28
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
Defines the messages and protocol used in the establishment
and tear down of voice and data calls over the public
switched network (PSN), and to manage the trunk network
on which they rely. Despite its name, ISUP is used for both
ISDN and nonISDN calls.

Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
Defines the messages and protocol used to communicate
between applications (deployed as subsystems) in nodes. It
is used for database services such as calling card, 800, as
well as switch-to-switch services including repeat dialing.
Because TCAP messages must be delivered to individual
applications within the nodes they address, they use the
SCCP for transport.
2.29
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7
Operations, Maintenance, and Administration Part (OMAP)
Defines messages and protocol designed to assist
administrators of the SS7 network. To date, the most fully
developed and deployed of these capabilities are procedures
for validating network routing tables and for diagnosing link
troubles. OMAP includes messages that use both the MTP
and SCCP for routing.

2.30
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7 interface protocols
The Mobile Application Part (MAP) is an SS7 protocol which
provides an application layer for GSM and UMTS mobile core
networks and GPRS core networks. MAP is the protocol used to
access the Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register,
Mobile Switching Center, Equipment Identity Register,
Authentication Centre, Short message service center and
Serving GPRS Support Node.

The primary facilities provided by MAP are:
Mobility Services: location management (roaming), authentication,
managing service subscription information
Operation and Maintenance: subscriber tracing, retrieving a
subscriber's IMSI
Call Handling: routing, managing calls (roaming), checking that a
subscriber is available to receive calls
Short Message Service
Location Service Management Services: obtaining the location of
subscribers
The Mobile Application Part specifications were originally defined
by the GSM Association, but are now controlled by ETSI/3GPP.

2.31
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7 MAP Protocols
2.32
BITS, Pilani
Goa Campus
SS7 MAP Protocols
Implementation
MAP is a Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) user,
and as such can be transported using 'traditional' SS7 protocols
or over IP

Some of the GSM/UMTS Core Switched interfaces in the Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) transported over SS7 include the
following:
B -> VLR (uses MAP/B). Most MSCs are associated with a Visitor
Location Register (VLR), making the B interface "internal".
C -> HLR (uses MAP/C) Messages between MSC to HLR handled
by C Interface
D -> HLR (uses MAP/D) for attaching to the Circuit Switched
network and location update
E -> MSC (uses MAP/E) for inter-MSC handover
F -> EIR (uses MAP/F) for equipment identity check
H -> SMS-G (uses MAP/H) for Short Message Service (SMS)

GSM - Logical Channels and Frames

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

GSM - Logical Channels and Frames

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen