EARTHING

To save human life from danger of

electrical shock or death
To protect buildings, machinery &
appliances under fault conditions.
To ensure that all exposed conductive
parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
To provide safe path to dissipate lightning
and short circuit currents.
To maintain the line voltage constant to
prevent over current or excessive voltage on
the appliances or equipment .

















Earth Resistance Value

Major power station= 0.5 Ohm.
Major Sub-stations= 1.0 Ohm
Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
Neutral Bushing. =2 Ohm
Service connection = 4 Ohm
Medium Voltage Network =2 Ohm
L.T.Lightening Arrestor= 4 Ohm
L.T.Pole= 5 Ohm
H.T.Pole =10 Ohm
Tower =20-30 Ohm

















Nos. of Earthing

Single phase 1 HP motor 01 earth
Socket/geyser/heater/fan/1phase appliance
01 earth
Three phase
motor/generator/transformer/gadgets 02
earth
Metallic support of O/H line after every 03
poles 02 earth
Stay wire for overhead line -01 earth
Neutral and frame earthing-separately


















While doing Earthing

Distance from the equipment not more
than 1.5 meter
Cross section of earth continuity conductor-
not less than 14 SWG copper wire
Cross section of earth wire-not less than
half of the main wire
Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to
Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it
should be less than 2.0 Volts.

















Factors Affecting Earth Resistance

Soil resistivity
Soil condition
Moisture
Dissolved salts
Climate conditions
Physical composition
Location of earth pit
Effect of grain size
Effect of current magnitude
Area available
















Type Of Earthing

Plate earthing :where digging is easy
Pipe earthing :very common, used for
domestic, small substations
Strip earthing :where earth bed have
rocky soil
Rod earthing: done is sandy area/small
lamp post
















Pipe Earthing

GI pipe [C-class] of
75 mm diameter
10 feet long welded
with welded flat
having 4 numbers of
holes for connections
Earth pits are
generally filled with
alternate layer of
charcoal & salt or
earth reactivation
compound.
















Strip Earthing

Strip earthing :where
earth bed have rocky soil
Copper strip size 5 SWG
or 25mmX1.6mm is
buried in horizontal
trenches
Earth resistance remains
high i.e. 5 ohm
















Plate Earthing

Cast iron plate of size 600
mm x600 mm x12 mm. OR
Galvanized iron plate of size
600 mm x600 mm x6 mm.
OR
Copper plate of size 600
mm * 600 mm * 3.15 mm
Plate burred at the depth of
8 feet in the vertical
position and GI strip of size
50 mmx6 mm bolted with
the plate is brought up to
the ground level.
Earth pit are generally
filled with alternate layer of
charcoal & salt up to 4 feet
from the bottom of the pit.
















Insulation Resistance and Megger

















Earth resistance test

Three point
method
The distance of
Current Spike
from Earth
Electrode D =
60 ft, Then,
distance of
Potential Spike
would be 62 %
of D = 0.62D
i.e. 0.62 x 60 ft
= 37 ft.

















Difference between Insulation Resistance and
Earth resistance

Insulation Resistance :measured
between earth and conductor, value in
tens/thousand/mega ohm, in built DC
generator
Earth resistance: measured for a
earthed body or neutral point by earth
resistance tester, value less than 10 ohm
Specification Of Earthing as per ISI
Sr.
Capacity Size of earth wire Size Of Earth Electrode
Cu GI Cu GI
1
01- 10 HP 8 SWG 8 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 60cmX60cmX6.35mm
2
10 15 HP 8 SWG 6 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 60cmX60cmX6.35mm
3
15 30 HP 6 SWG 4SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm
4
30 50 HP 4SWG 25mmX3 mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm 90cmX90cmX6.35mm
















Method used to reduce earth resistance

Soldering/welding nuts and bolts
By pouring water
Increase in plate area
By pouring salt and charcoal ,ratio 1:5
Depth of plate
Installation of parallel electrode
















Preventive Maintenance Of Earthing System

Check half yearly in dry season
Check for earth pit no
Repair of damage/broken pit cover
Tighten the earth connections
Replace broken earth leads
Corroded part change immediately
Pass earth conductor through GI pipe
Mandatory : bi-yearly and recorded



















Typical Earthing In House Wiring

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