1 1

EENG 3810 Chapter 4

Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
2 2
Chapter 4 Homework
1. For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency
f
c
= 200KHz and a maximum modulating signal
frequency f
m(max)
= 10 KHz, determine :
a. Frequency limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
b. Bandwidth.
b. Upper and lower side frequencies produced when
the modulating signal is a single-frequency 6 KHz tone.


3 3
Homework Continued
2. For the AM wave form above determine:
4 4
Homework Continued
3.
400 25
5
6
5 5
Homework Continued
4. Repeat steps (a) through (d) in Example
4 in these lecture slides for a modulation
coefficient of 0.5.
5. For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak
unmodulated carrier voltage V
c
= 20 V
p
,
a load resistance R
L
= 20 , and a
modulation coefficient m = 0.8, determine
the power of the modulated wave

Homework Continued
6.Determine the noise improvement for a
receiver with an RF bandwidth equal to
100 KHz and an IF bandwidth equal to 20
KHz.

6
7
Amplitude Modulation Transmission
7
8 8
AM Generation
9 9
Frequency Spectrum of An AM Double Sideband
Full Carrier (DSBFC) Wave
10 10
Example 1
For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency
f
c
= 100KHz and a maximum modulating signal
frequency f
m(max)
= 5 KHz, determine :

a. Frequency limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
b. Bandwidth.
c. Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the
modulating signal is a single-frequency 3 KHz tone.
11 11
Example 1 Solution
a.
b.
c.
12 12
Example 1 d. The Output Spectrum
For An AM DSBFC Wave
13 13
Phasor addition in an AM DSBFC envelope
For a single-frequency modulating signal, am AM
envelop is produced from the vector addition of the
carrier and upper and lower side frequencies.
Phasors of the carrier,
The upper and lower frequencies combine and
produce a resultant component that combines with
the carrier component.
Phasors for the carrier, upper and lower
frequencies all rotate in the counterclockwise
direction.
The upper sideband frequency rotates faster than
the carrier. (
usf
>
c
)
The lower sideband frequency rotes slower than
the carrier. (
usf
<
c
)

14 14
Phasor addition in an AM DSBFC envelope
15 15
Modulation Coefficient
16 16
If the modulating signal is pure, single frequency sine wave and the modulation
process is symmetrical, the % modulation can be derived as follows:
17 17
Peak Amplitudes of Upper and Lower Sidebands
The peak change in amplitude of the output wave
(E
m
) is equal to the sum of the voltages from the
upper and lower sideband frequencies. Therefore,
18 18
Percent Modulation of An AM DSBFC Envelope
(a) modulating signal; (b) unmodulated carrier; (c) 50% modulated wave;
(d) 100% modulated wave
19 19
Example 2
For the AM wave form above determine:
20 20
Example 2
21 21
Voltage Spectrum for an AM DSBFC Wave
22 22
Generation of an AM DSBFC Envelope
Shown in The Time Domain
sin(225t)
cos(230t)
+ cos(220t)
summation of (a), (b), and (c)
23 23
Voltage of an AM DSBFC Envelope
In The Time Domain
24 24
Example 3
25 25
Example 3 Continued
26 26
Output Spectrum for Example 3
27 27
AM envelope for Example 3
28 28
Power for Upper and Lower Sideband
29 29
Total Power for an AM DSBFC Envelop
30 30
Power Spectrum for an AM DSBFC Wave with a
Single-frequency Modulating Signal
31 31
Example 4
32 32
Power Spectrum for Example 4
33 33
Single Transistor, Emitter Modulator
34 34
Single Transistor, Emitter Modulator
(output waveforms )
35
Medium-power Transistor AM DSBFC Modulator
35
36
High-power AM DSBFC Transistor Modulator
36
37
Linear Integrated-circuit AM Modulator
37
38
Block Diagram of a Low-level AM DSBFC Transmitter
38
39
Block Diagram of a High-level AM DSBFC Transmitter
39
40
Single-Sideband
41
Conventional DSFC-AM
42
Single-side Band Full Carrier
(SSBFC)
The carrier is transmitted at full
power and only one sideband is
transmitted.
43
SSBFC waveform, 100% modulation
44
Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(SSBSC)
The carrier is suppressed 100% and
one sideband is removed. Only one
sideband is transmitted.
45
SSBSC waveform
46
Single-Sideband Reduced Carrier
(SSBRC)
One sideband is removed and the
carrier voltage is reduced to 10%
of its un-modulated amplitude.
47
Independent Sideband
(ISB)
A single carrier is independently modulated
by two different modulating signals.
48
ISB waveform
49
Vestigial Sideband
(VSB)
The carrier and one complete sideband
are transmitted, but only part of the
other sideband is transmitted.
50
51
Single-Sideband Generation
52
Balanced modulator waveforms
53
FET Balanced Modulator
54
AM DSBSC modulator using the
LM1496/1596 linear integrated circuit
55
Amplitude Modulation Reception
55
56
Simplified Block Diagram of an AM Receiver
56
57
Simplified Block Diagram of an AM Receiver
Receiver front end = RF section
Detecting the signal
Band-limiting the signal
Amplifying the Band-limited signal
Mixer/converter
Down converts the RF signal to an IF signal
Intermediate frequency (IF) signal
Amplification
Selectivity
Ability of a receiver to accept assigned frequency
Ability of a receiver to reject other frequencies
AM detector demodulates the IF signal to the original signal
Audio section amplifies the recovered signal.

57
58
Noncoherent Tuned Radio Frequency
Receiver Block Diagram
58
59
AM Superheterodyne Receiver Block Diagram
59
60
Bandwidth Improvement (BI)
Noise reduction ratio
BI = B
RF
/ B
IF

Noise figure improvement
NF
IMP
= 10 log BI
Determine the noise improvement for a receiver with an
RF bandwidth equal to 200 KHz and an IF bandwidth
equal to 10 KHz.
BI = 200 KHz / 10 KHZ = 20
NF
Imp
= 10 log 20 = 13 dB



60
61
Sensitivity
Sensitivity: minimum RF signal level that the
receiver can detect at the RF input.
AM broadcast receivers
10 dB signal to noise ratio
watt (27 dBm) of power at the audio output
50 uV Sensitivity
Microwave receivers
40 dB signal to noise ratio
5 mw (7 dBm) of power at the output

Aa



61
62
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range
Difference in dB between the minimum input level and
the level that will over drive the receiver (produce
distortion).
Input power range that the receiver is useful.
100 dB is about the highest posible.
Low Dynamic Range
Causes desensitizing of the RF amplifiers
Results in sever inter-modulation distortion of weaker
signals
62
63
Fidelity
Ability to produce an exact replica of the original signal.
Forms of distortion
Amplitude
Results from non-uniform gain in amplifiers and filters.
Output signal differs from the original signal
Frequency: frequencies are in the output that were
not in the orginal signal
Phase
Not important for voice transmission
Devastating for digital transmission

63
64
SSBRC Receiver
65
SSBFC Receiver