How they interact ?

Pathogen
microbials
Interactions
HOST
The Interaction
Symbiosis mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
True pathogen
Indigenous flora
Resident microbial flora
Transient flora
Opportunistic infection
Carriers
Symbiosis mutualism
Symbiosis mutualism: a biological relationship
between two or more organisms where both get
benefit from one another
Ex : Probiotic bacteria
Commensalism
Commensalism : a relationship where the
organisms benefit, but there is no beneficial or
harmful effect to the host
Ex : Normal flora on human hand
Parasitism
Parasitism : a relationship where the microbe
get benefit from the host and causing harmful
effect to the host
Ex : Helicobacter pylori
True Pathogen
An organism that can cause infection in
individuals with normal host defences (healthy
immune-competent)
Ex : Microbacterium tuberculosa
Indigenous flora
Indigenous flora = normal flora =usual flora
Microorganisms that are commonly found on or in
body sites of healthy persons
Plays an important role in both health and
disease
Resident microbial flora
Microorganisms that colonize an area of
the body for months or years
Transient flora
Microorganisms that are present at area of
the host body for temporarily

Carriers
Some pathogenic microrganisms establish
themselves in a host without manifest symtoms
Ex : Salmonella typhi, Hepatitis B
Opportunistic pathogen
An organism that can cause infection in individuals with
abnormal host defences . (their habitat is damage,
disturbed,immune system is weakened or compromised)
Commensals may be opportunistic pathogens.

Origin of Microbial Flora
Usual flora normal of the skin
Usual flora normal of the mouth
Usual flora normal of the respiratory tract
Usual flora normal of the gastrointestinal tract
Usual flora normal of the genitourinary tract
Usual flora normal of the skin
The skin contains a wide variety of microorganisms
Most are found on the most superficial layers of
cells and the upper part of hair follicles
Usual flora normal of the mouth
The mouth contains large numbers of bacteria
Bind to the buccal mucosa, tooth surface,
tongue surface
Usual flora normal of the respiratory
tract
Upper : mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx and
larynx
colonized predominantly with streptococcus
Lower : Trachea, bronchi and pulmonary
parenchyma
normaly sterile as a result of the protective action
(ciliary cells,mucus movement)

Usual flora normal of
the respiratory tract

Usual flora normal of the gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal tract : esophagus, stomach, small
intestine and colon
Microorganisms usully are present in ingested materials
as transient flora
The small intestine contains few microorganisms are
usually from the colon
The large intestine contains facultative anaerobes, gram-
negative rod microbial flora
Usual flora normal of the genitourinary tract
The kidney, bladder and fallopian tubes are normally free of
microorganisms
The urethra is colonized by those organisms found on the
skin
The microbial composition of the vaginal flora is consistent
with hormonal changes and age
Phatogenicity and virulence factor
Pathogenicity : the ability of a microbe to
produce disease in a susceptible individual

Virulence factor: the quantitative ability factor of
a microorganism to cause diseases

Ability to resist phagocytosis
Adhesion
Ability to survive intracellularly and proliferate
Ability to produce toxins and enzymes
Ability to resist phagocytosis
Pathogens have surface factors that impede
phagocytosis
S.pneumoniae, N.meningitidis; many other bacteria
have polysaccharide capsules.

Adhesion
Adhesion (Adherence, attachment): The process by
which bacteria stick to the surfaces of host cells.
Pili and Fimbriae help mediate adherence of the bacteria
to host cell surfaces
The interactions between bacteria and tissue cell surfaces
in the adhesion process are complex.

Ability to survive intracellularly and proliferate

Some bacteria (eg, M tuberculosis,Brucella, Legionella )
could live and grow in the polymorphonuclear cells,
macrophages, or monocytes
They may be resistant to lysosomal enzymes and survive
within the phagolysosome.

Ability to produce toxins and enzymes

Toxins produced by bacteria are generally classified
into two groups: exotoxins and endotoxins
Exotoxins
C.diphtheriae : produce diphtheria toxin and cause diphtheria
C.botulinum : produce potent toxin and cause botulism
C.perfringens : produce Theta toxin that has a necrotizing
effect. These toxins can cause gangrene
V.cholerae : produce an enterotoxin can cause epidemic
diarrheal disease (cholera)
S.aureus produce enterotoxins, cause of food poisoning and
elaborate toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), which
causes toxic shock syndrome

C.tetani : produce the toxin tetanospasmin and cause tetanus
Endotoxin
Integral part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
(Lipopolysaccharide complexes). Released on bacterial death
The peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria can cause
Vascular changes leading to shock
Enzymes
Many species of bacteria produce enzymes that are not
intrinsically toxic but do play important roles in the infectious
process

Tissue-Degrading Enzymes
C.perfringens produces the proteolytic enzyme collagenase, which
degrades collagen
Staphylococci, streptococci, and anaerobes produces Hyaluronidases
are enzymes that hydrolyze hyaluronic acid, a constituent of the ground
substance of connective tissue
Hemolytic streptococci produce streptokinase (fibrinolysin), a substance
that activates a proteolytic enzyme of plasma
Many bacteria produce substances that are cytolysinsie, they dissolve
red blood cells (hemolysins) or kill tissue cells or leukocytes
(leukocidins).
Hemolytic blood cell
Host Resistance Factors
Physical Barriers
Cleansing mechanisms
Antimicrobial substances
Indigenous microbial flora
Phagocytosis
Inflamation
Immune responses
Human have eveloped a complex system of defense
mechanisms to prevent infectious agents
Physical Barriers
Healthy intact skin is the primary mechanical barrier to
infection
Some conditions (normal flora, pH, bactericidal substance)
prevent colonization by pathogen organisms.
Cleansing mechanisms
Desquamation of the skin surface
Fluid of the eye, respiratory,digestive, urinary, genital tract
Nasal hair, ciliary epitellium, mucus membranes
Antimicrobial substances
Human host produce a variety of substances that
have antimicrobial activity
Fatty acids
Stomach HCl
Lysozyme
Secretotry IgA
lysin
Interferon
Indigenous microbial flora
Normal flora compete with pathogens for nutrients
and space
Some normal flora produce substance that inhibit
the growth of pathogens
Normal flora (Ex: Lactobacillus
Phagocytosis
Polymorfonuclear (PMN) and macrophage are the essential
component in the phagocytosis mechanism
Four steps :
- Chemotaxis
- Attachment
- Ingestion
- Killing
Inflammation
The host bodys response to injury or foreign body
The point is the accumulation of large numbers of
phagocytic cells
Immune responses
Innate / Natural immunity / non specific
Adaptive / specific

Route of Transmission
Transmission transmit
Transmit a pass or hand on; transfer
Airborne Diseases :
Human to human, No Direct Contact

Droplet,
Aerosol, Dust particles
Tuberculosis, Influenza, swine flu
Airborne transmission
Pathogen causing Food and Water Borne Diseases :
E.coli, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp

Human to human, No Direct Contact
Food and water transmission
Close Contact
Human to human, Direct Contact
Herpes simplex virus
Wart -Human papiloma
virus
HIV
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Kissing, touching Breast milk
Warts Herpes simplex
Blood Borne Diseases (ex : HIV, Hepatitis,
Syphilis)
Human to human, No Direct Contact
Blood transmission

Cut and Bite from Animal Source Directly

RABIES
Non human to human
Animal Vector
Non human to human, Insects


DHF,Malaria
Animal Vector
Non human to human, Arthropods


Relapsing fever, Lyme disease

ZOONOSES
Via Animal Excreta
AVIAN FLU
Tetanus
Soil Source
Non Human to human

Leptospirosis
Water source
Non human to human
On an object/surface

Transmission from medical
instruments
Non human to
human
Multi Transmission
Auto Transmission
Summary
The host-microbial interaction depending in the
circumstance, it could be symbiosis, commmensalism,
parasitism
The pathogenesis of microbials infection includes initiation of
the infectious process
Some human (host) body sites commonly found normal flora
that plays an important role in both health and disease
Human have eveloped a complex system of defense
mechanisms to prevent infectious agents
Pathogens which cause disease have special factors which
are designated as virulence factors that enable them to
establish itself and enhance its potential to cause disease
Microorganisms has possibility of transmission from one to
another in many ways.