Exxon Risk Tolerance

Dave Fennell, Imperial Oil Resources
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Strategies for Understanding and Addressing
Risk Tolerance
January 2011
Presented by:
D.J. (Dave) Fennell
Senior Safety Advisor, Imperial Oil Resources
Senior Technical Professional Safety, ExxonMobil Production Company
On behalf of:
ExxonMobil Human Factors Center of Excellence
10 Factors Influencing Risk Tolerance
Strategies for Reducing Risk Tolerance
Actions to Address Risk Tolerance at Your Worksite
Risk Perception and Tolerance Model
Hazard Identification See it
Risk Perception Understand it
Risk Tolerance Accept or Reject it
Maturity of Supporting Tools at ExxonMobil
Tools in place and
being used,
effectiveness may
lack in some areas
Mature safety culture will be
functional on this topic,
some areas will require more
effort to understand the
consequences of hazards.
Approaches for addressing
tolerance are general weak
across the company, this is
the focus of this
presentation.

Incident, Near Miss or Questionable Item Occurs Why?

Personal Factors 8. External Factors Job Factors
Root Cause Analysis Flow Chart
5. Lack of or inadequate procedures
6. Inadequate communication of expectations
regarding procedures or standards
7. Inadequate tools or equipment (availability,
condition & use; workplace design)
Develop follow up actions
Implement follow up actions
Verify and validate follow up actions
1. Lack of skill or knowledge
2. Doing the job according to procedure
or standards takes more time and effort
3. Short-cutting the procedure or
standards has been tolerated
4. In past, not following procedure or
standards did not result in an incident
RCAF Category Category Count
7. Inadequate Tools or Equipment 301
4. In the Past, No incident occurred 282
1. Lack of Skill or Knowledge 253
6. Inadequate Communication 191
3. Short-Cutting the standard has been Tolerated 148
2. Correct Way Takes More Time/Effort 137
5. Lack of or Inadequate Procedures 30
8. External Factors 24
Grand Total 1366
Conventional Operations (Sept 3 2009)
42%
RCAF Category Category Count
7. Inadequate Tools or Equipment 349
1. Lack of Skill or Knowledge 330
4. In the past, no incident occurred 288
6. Inadequate Communication 244
2. Correct Way Takes More Time/Effort 177
3. Short-Cutting the standard has been Tolerated 152
5. Lack of or Inadequate Procedures 44
8. External Factors 13
Grand Total 1597
Cold Lake Operations (Sept 3 2009)
40%
10 Factors That Influence Risk Tolerance
1. Overestimating Capability/Experience
2. Familiarity with the Task
3. Seriousness of Outcome
4. Voluntary Actions and Being in Control
5. Personal Experience with an Outcome
6. Cost of Non-Compliance
7. Confidence in the Equipment
8. Confidence in Protection and Rescue
9. Potential Profit & Gain from Actions
10. Role Models Accepting Risk
Hazardrecognitionandrisktolerance

Hazard Recognition and Risk Tolerance

Hazard Recognition Risk Tolerance
=
January 2009
IOR Employees are generally quite good at Hazard
Recognition
2008 Safety Perception Survey
Do employees understand the hazards of the
operations they perform? - 92%

Do you initiate action to correct hazards? - 99%

Did you receive adequate safety training? - 92%

JSA often identifies the hazard
Hazard is discounted or no follow
through on the mitigation
1) Overestimating Capability/Experience
I can lift 75 kg in the gym ... I can lift this nitrogen bottle
I have driven in worse conditions than this and did just fine
Strategies for Reducing Tolerance
Reflect on your role as a mentor the person who is watching may not
have the same skill, experience or capability.
Acknowledge that despite your ability, the exposure is still there.
Acknowledge that the capability or skill may be sufficient and then
reinforce the way that it should be done.
Factors Influencing Risk Tolerance
2) Familiarity with the Task - Complacency
Situational Awareness Treat every time like the first time .... Stop and
Think
What could go wrong this time?
How would I teach a new person to do this?
Do I still do it by the book? Have I just been luck?
He had done this task 500 times
without hurting himself
We had stack about 200 of them
when ...
I do it about 10 times every day
3) Seriousness of the Outcome
Pinch Point ... what about Crush or Amputation point
Stop and Think How bad could it be? No, really ...How bad could it be?
Cable suddenly tightened and
IPs hand became trapped between cable and wench
drum.
Sweet gas ?? Hot Water ??
The Event:
While backing a truck/trailer onto a barge, the
driver lost sight of the deckhand who was
providing direction.
The driver continued to move the trailer back
after losing sight of the signaler - pinning the
signaler's legs between the back of the trailer
and a toolbox on the deck.
The deckhand suffered soft tissue injuries to
their legs (luckily, no broken bones)

The Learning:
The driver of the truck did not stop when losing
sight of their signaler.
The signaler put themselves in the line of fire
after losing eye contact with the driver.
Several fatalities occur in Alberta each year
where drivers have backed over their signalers.
The standards in the Safety Management System
(Section 6 Subject 11 Page 6-91) state:
Drivers must:
stop if they lose sight of a signaler

Actions:
Ensure all drivers:
- understand the standards for
signalling,
- understand their responsibility to
maintain eye contact with their signaler
- understand the consequences of
not strictly adhering to this standard.
Signaler Pinned by Truck
Deckhand pinned here
4) Voluntary Actions and Being in Control
Integrate Stop and Think into your personal activities
Key factor in off the job risk 28 times more likely to be hurt off the job
5) Personal Experience with an Outcome
If you have seen a serious outcome, you will be less tolerant of the risk
Problem: As Incident Rates improve, fewer people will have had
personal experience and leads to Scepticism
Expert observers, supervisors, keepers of the corporate memory have
the obligation to ensure workers know :
a) Incidents have occurred because of not following that standard (i.e.
What could go wrong?)
b) Demonstrate that there have been serious consequences (i.e. How bad
could it be?)
Well Servicing Fatality - May 2002
A well servicing worker was fatally injured when he was pulled into the
rotating draw works by the strap on his fall arrest harness.
1) Loose clothing and personal protective equipment around rotating
equipment
2) Equipment guarding
Draw works guard rail
Re-enactment of how
straps were caught
Straps caught here
6) Cost of Non Compliance
Identify the cost of non compliance and increase it where necessary
Remove barriers and increase reward for compliance
Greater cost of non compliance lowers risk tolerance
Aviation industry Low risk tolerance, strictly regulated, high cost
of non-compliance.
7) Confidence in the Equipment
Ladder is twice as stable, therefore ...
1995 US Study Cars with ABS have more accidents, no safety gain
with airbags because drivers became more aggressive.
Parachuting Failure to deploy replaced with late deployment
Training on limitations of the equipment and engineering
Stop and Think ... What will happen if it does fail?
8) Confidence in Protection and Rescue
British study workers with back belts tend to lift greater weights

Understand the limitations of protection & rescue measures
See them as last lines of defence, or not to be relied upon ?
Every job should be able to be done safely by a 65 year old with a bad
back and ... Howie Dingle
9) Potential Profit and Gain from Action
US Highways Study deaths on highways tracks directly with the
economy
Alberta WHS fatalities and lost time incidents in the oil patch increase
and decrease with the price of oil.
Remove rewards for risk taking
Eliminate barriers to doing it the right way
10) Role Models Accepting Risk
When Role Models in a work group accept a certain level of risk, they
influence the decisions to accept risk by other members of the group.
Identify and address the risk takers immediately (including yourself where
are you on the risk-taking scale?)
Recognize Erosion of Standards and address immediately
What Could Go Wrong?
1) Review the serious incidents that have happened in the past
and learn from these incidents
Coach workers on how to recognize new hazards
Recognize potential consequences of those hazards
Reduce the tolerable level of risk
Calibrate others so their judgement is at the same lowest
acceptable level of risk
How Bad Could I t Be?
2) Use safety conversations (LPO, Stop and Think, Safety
Meetings) to increase awareness on potential outcomes.
Keep the corporate memory alive
Risk is impacted by the number of Barriers between
actions and outcomes
What can I do about this?
2) Follow up on the Personal Risk Behaviours identified at
Fresh Start:
a) Hold safety meeting discussions (or one on one during
LPOs) on what they identified and their progress
b) Ask workers to share their identified personal risks and
commitments to change at safety meetings. (Start by sharing
yours).
c) Continue to use the Personal Risk Stop and Think
cards with the expectation of identifying another personal at
risk behaviour
Together with our contractors we can create
the safety culture that lowers Risk Tolerance

Exxon Risk Tolerance

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Dave Fennell, Imperial Oil Resources

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