ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.

cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
OBJECTIVES
To understand the procedures of GSM
Handover

To understand the procedures of Power
Control

To identify parameters needed for
Handover and Power Control Operation
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER AND
POWER CONTROL
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER
Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is
in setting up or busy status to a new traffic channel.
Generally, hand-over will occur under the following
two conditions:
1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into
another
2. An MS is making a call at overlapping area of
two cells, one of which is very busy in traffic, or
the quality or the strength of the signal
decreased.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
PURPOSES OF HAND-OVER
1. Save the calls in progressbad quality)
2. Cell-boundary handing over to improve
ongoing calls (weak signal)
3. Intra-cell hand-over reducing interference
within a cell (severe interference)
4. Compelled hand-over to balance traffic
distribution of inter-cells.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
NETWORK OVERVIEW
MSC
BSC
BTS
MS
BSC Evaluation and Decision
of HO
MSC: routes the call to the other
MSC during Inter-MSC HO
BTS preprocess
measurements UL and DL
MS measures:
Signal Strength DL own cell
and neighboring cells, Quality
DL
Signal Strength of
Neignboring Cells
BTS measures:
Signal Strength UL, Quality
UL , TA
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
1. Intra-cell hand-over: hand-over occurs in the same
cell. Controlled independently by the BSC the cell
attached to.
2. Inter-cell hand-over of the same BSC: involving by
MSC is not needed.
3. Inter-BSC hand-over of same MSC: Before and after
hand-over, the two cells belong to different two BSCs
which are controlled by the same MSC. All the MSC
and BSCs are involved.
4. Inter-MSCs hand-over: Before and after hand-over,
the two cells belong to different two MSCs. All the
relevant MSCs and BSCs are involved.

TYPES OF HANDOVER
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
In this case, BSC should set up a new link with new BTS and
assign a TCH in the new cell for MS.

HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC
BSC
H/O
BTS OLD BTS NEW
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT
BSCs
BSC OLD
H/O
BSC NEW
BTS OLD BTS NEW
MSC A
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT
BSCs
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-BSC Handover

DT1HO PERF
HO CMD
CH ACT
MEAS REP
RF CH REL ACK
RF CH REL
DIHO COM
EST IND
HO DET
CH ACT ACK
MS BTS1 BTS2 BSC MSC
MEAS RES
DRHO CMD
HO ACCESS
PHY INFO
SABM
UA
HO COM
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
INTER-MSC HANDOVER
OLD LINK
NEW LINK
BSC OLD
H/O
BSC NEW
MSC OLD MSC NEW
BTS OLD BTS NEW
5
5
5
1
5
5
7
2
3
4
4
6
3
5
7
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURE (1)
1 BSCA sends hand-over request to MSCA when
deemed necessary according to MSs measurement
report.

2 MSCA sends this request to MSCB which is
responsible for setting up links with BSCB and BTSB.

3MSCB sends back radio channel acknowledgement to
MSCA.
4Communication links are established between MSCA
and MSCB according to Hand-over Number(HON).

5MSCA send hand-over command to MS who then
handed over to a new TCH.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURES (2)

6BSCB send to MSCB, then to MSCA the command
of hand-over completion.

7MSCA controls BSCA and BTSA to release the old
TCH.

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-MSC Handover
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HANDOVER CLASSIFICATION
1. Synchronous

2. Asynchronous

3. Pseudo-synchronous
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
QUEUING AND FORCED
DISCONNECTION
Queuing - To increase the successful rate of hand-over,
when no radio resource is available, the applicant of hand-
over may be put into queuing and wait for release of radio
resources.

Forced disconnection - when in emergency and
no radio resource is available, some subscribers with
lower priority may be disconnected, or handed out forcibly
to ensure that the subscribers with higher priority could
keep their calls continuously.

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
1. Measurement reports made by MS and reported from
SACCH:
Downlink RXLEV
Downlink RXQUAL(BER)
Other adjacent cells downlink RXLEVless than 6, designated
by BA list)
2. Measurement report made by BTS
Uplink RXLEV
Uplink RXQUAL
TA
Interference strip


MEASUREMENT REPORTS RECEIVED BY BASE
TRANCEIVER STATION: (meas_rpt)
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
1. RXLEV_XXXXDL or UL
For each connection, at least 32 sampling data are
retained and the average of RX level is calculated out by
BSS in each SACCH period.

2. Adjacent cells BCCH carrier receiving level
RXLEV_NCELL(n)
For each connection and each cell, the latest 32 sampling
data are stored by BSS to calculate out the adjacent cells
BCCH carrier receiving level.
PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
3. POWER BUDGET (PBGT)
For each connection and each allowable cell,
BSS calculates PBGT as follows

PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA
PBGT(n)=RxLevDL(n)-[RxLevDL(s)+BSTxPwrMax(s)-BSCurrentTxPwr(s)]
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
4. Timing Advance
For each connection, BSS calculate the TA using
parameters Hreqt and Hreqave

5. Interference band
BSS averages interference on idle time-slots and
maps to five classes called strips.
PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
PARAMTERS IN CONNECTION WITH
HAND-OVER
PARAMETER FUNCTION
UpLevThNP upward level threshold
UpQualThNP upward quality threshold
DwLevThNP downward level threshold
DwQualThNP downward quality threshold
UpIntfThNP upward interference threshold
DwIntfThNP downward interference threshold
MsDistThNP distance thresholdsame unit with TA)
HoMarginn
Adjacent cells hand-over margin
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
THRESHOLD COMPARISON
1. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are
lower than UpLevTh.
2. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels
are lower than DwLevTh.
3. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are
higher than UpQualTh.
4. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels
are higher than DwQualTh.

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
THRESHOLD COMPARISON
5. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N upward levels
are higher than UpIntfTh and condition 3 is met at the same
time.
6. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N downward levels
are higher than DwIntfTh and condition 4 is met at the
same time.
7. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N TAs are higher
than MsDistTh.
8. Hand-over will occur if PBGT of some adjacent cell is higher
than its corresponding HoMargin.

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
HANDOVER ALGORITHM
The hand-over algorithm BSC adopts is based on the
following equation:

1) RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max (0, Pa)
where: Pa = (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)P)

2) PBGT (n) - HO_MARGIN(n) > 0
BSS selects from all adjacent cells that both meets equation
(1) and (2) and queue them from large PBGT to small
ones and serves as candidate adjacent cells.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
POWER CONTROL
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
PURPOSE OF POWER CONTROL

Lower interference within a cell

Save power

Consideration: Call quality or data
transmission quality be guaranteed

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
POWER CONTROL PROCEDURES
MEASURED DATA
AVERAGE MEASURED DATA
POWER CONTROL DECISION
SEND POWER CONTROL
COMMAND
MEASURED DATA
CORRECTION
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
RELATION OF LEVEL WITH POWER
CONTROL
63
0
Upper limit
Lower limit
Fast power control
zone
Fast power control zone
High
Low
Normal
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
RELATION OF BER WITH POWER
CONTROL
0
7
Upper limit
Lower
limit
Fast power control
zone
Fast power control zone
Low
High
Normal
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
Corresponding Relation between
RXQUAL and BER

RXQUAL BER (%) Typical(%)
0 BER<0.2 0.14
1 0.2<BER<0.4 0.28
2 0.4<BER<0.8 0.57
3 0.8<BER<1.6 1.13
4 1.6<BER<3.2 2.26
5 3.2<BER<6.4 4.53
6 6.4<BER<12.8 9.05
7 12.8<BER 18.10
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
BTS POWER CONTROL
STRATEGY
Keep current transmission power when received level
is normal.
Lower the transmission power when received level is
high.
Increase the transmission power when received level
is low.
Keep current transmission power when BER is
normal.
Increase the transmission power when BER is high.
Lower the transmission power when BER is low.
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
MS POWER CONTROL STRATEGY
Normal Level LEVELCAUSE = 0
Low Level LEVELCAUSE = 1
High Level LEVELCAUSE = 2
Normal BERQUALCAUSE = 0
Low BER QUALCAUSE = 1
High BER QUALCAUSE = 2
LEVELCAUSE QUALCAUSE OUTPUT
0 2 INCREASE
1 0 STAY
1 1 STAY
1 2 INCREASE
2 0 DECREASE
2 1 DECREASE
2 2 INCREASE
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
RANGE OF POWER CONTROL
1BTS Power Control
BTS has 6 classes of static power configured by network, each class
has 15 levels of dynamic power which can be configured by
network.
2MS Power Control
GSM900 class A MS power capability 43dbm20W
GSM900 class B MS power control 39dbm 8W
GSM900 class C MS power capability 37dbm 5W
GSM900 class D MS power capability 33dbm 2W
GSM900 class E MS power capability 29dbm 0.8W
GSM900 power control range of MS is 43dbm ~ 5dbm at least
2dbm one step
DCS1800 class A MS power control capability 30dbm1W
DCS1800 class B MS power control capability 24dbm0.25W
DCS1800 class C MS power control capability 36dbm4W
DCS1800 power control range 36dbm ~ 0dbm2dbm one step

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.