KANCHAN KUMARI

EC-31
0805631045
INTRODUCTION
EARLIER TECHNOLOGIES 1G , 2G , 3G
PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT SYSTEM
SOLUTION
FEATURES OF 4G
MULTIPLEXING TDMA , CDMA , OFDM
4G HARDWARE
4G SOFTWARE
ADVANTAGES OF 4G




4G stands for 4th generation which is faster and reliable.

The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless,
which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G.

4G, which is also known as beyond 3G or fourth-
generation cell phone technology, refers to the entirely
new evolution and a complete 3G replacement in wireless
communications.

Such a system does not yet exist in India, nor will it exist
in todays market without standardization.

1G TECHNOLOGY
Analog.
Continuous in amplitude & time.
Variations in the signal disrupts over long distances.

2G TECHNOLOGY
Introduced in 1990s, switched to a digital format,it
could be easily compressed and multiplexed also it
introduced text messaging & E-mailing.

3G TECHNOLOGY
Improved the efficiency of how data is carried.
High speed e-mail and internet access.

3G technology is very EXPENSIVE.
LESS BANDWIDTH is available for data service.
Data transmission rate is very SLOW.

Unfortunately, the current network does not have the
available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well.
Not only is data transfer slow at the speed of analog
modems but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated
efficiently for data.
Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the
constant stream of voice data.







4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently
as 3G systems, have better ways of handling dynamic
load changes , and create more bandwidth than 3G
systems. This will allow simple and transparent
connectivity.

Unlike previous generations of mobile technology,
4G mobile will be widely used for internet
access on computers as well as carrying cell phone
communications.



SPEED 20 to 100 Mbps to moving and about
1Gbps to stationary

FREQUENCY BAND Higher frequency bands
(2-8 GHz) .

BANDWIDTH 100 MHz (or more)

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Hybrid: Integration of wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area

FDMA One frequency for the entire duration of
the call.

TDMA -Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes
turns" being transmitted.

CDMA -Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner
known as spread spectrum transmission.




TDMA, or Time Division Multiple Access, is a
technique in which for a particular time slot, one
device is allowed to utilize the entire bandwidth of
the spectrum, and every other device is in the
quiescent state.
This makes the frame setup simpler and more
efficient because there is no
time wasted on setting up the
order of transmission.
This has the negative side
effect of wasting bandwidth
and capacity on devices that
have nothing to send.





CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access,
allows every device in a cell to transmit over
the entire bandwidth at all time.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
Allows for transfer of more data than other forms
of multiplexing (time, frequency, code, etc).
Allows for use of almost the entire frequency
band.
The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do
not interfere with each other (no cross talk).
Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the
sending of multiple signals simultaneously from
the same antenna (or wire) to one device.







Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The
phase of the sin wave changes to represent a
different bit. Bit = 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Frequency
ULTRA WIDE BAND NETWORKS
UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that
can be used in the implementation of a 4G network.
UWB provides greater bandwidth.
It also uses significantly less power, since it
transmits pulses instead of a continuous signal.
SMART ANTENNAS
There are two types of antennas:
Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of
transmission, and can switch from one predefined beam
to another when the user with the phone moves
throughout the sector.






Adaptive array antennas represent the most advanced
smart antenna which uses a variety of new signal
processing algorithms to locate and track the user,
minimize interference, and maximize intended signal
reception.

Thus smart antennas can:
Optimize available power
Increase base station range and coverage
Reuse available spectrum
Increase bandwidth
Lengthen battery life of wireless devices

Software Defined Radio
Packets
Implementation of Packets
Encryption
Anti-Virus








Faster and more reliable.
High data transmission rate.
Broader Bandwidth.
Low Cost.
Multi-standard wireless system.
Access information anywhere,anytime.
OFDM used instead of CDMA.
Uses IPv6 .

Consumers demand that software and hardware be
user-friendly and perform well.
Customers want the features delivered to them,
simple and straightforward.
The best way to help all parties is to enforce 4G as
the next wireless standard. The software that
consumers desire is already in wide use.
Todays wired society is going wireless,
and it
has a problem. 4G is the answer.



Wikipedia.com
http//www.4g.co.uk
4ginformation.org/dale/nmea.htm
D.Suzukiyowa, M.Dcapriolana, An
Introduction To 4G using gsm and cdma
technologies.