System Analysis and

Design
Introduction
What is a System?
A group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex
whole.
An organized set of interrelated ideas or principles.

What is a System?
A functionally related group of elements, especially:
1. The human body regarded as a functional physiological
unit.
2. An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its
vital process or functions.
3. A group of physiological or anatomically complementary
organs or parts: nervous system or skeletal system
4. A group of interacting mechanical or electrical
components
5. A network of structures and channels, as for
communication, travel or distribution.
6. A network related computer software, hardware and
data transmission devices.


Systems are developed to satisfy a set of
requirements that meet the need. It exists in an
environment, and has operators and users. The
system provides feedback to the operators and
services to the users. Sometimes, a system contains
many subsystems.
A system is a set of manual and automated
procedures and devised for conducting business.
Some procedures may support monthly information
gathering others may consist of calculations,
summarizations, and report creation, each with a
respective set of required decision. A system can be
totally manually process, a completely automated
process, or a combination somewhere in between.


A system has three (3) components:
Input
Process
Output

A system is an assemblage of inter-related elements
comprising a unified whole. From the Latin and
Greek, the term "system" meant to combine, to set
up, to place together. A sub-system is a system which
is part of another system. A system typically consists
of components (or elements) which are connected
together in order to facilitate the flow of information,
matter or energy.

SUB-SYSTEM
A sub-system is a system which is a part of another
system
Exist where main system becomes complex

It is important to have a good utilization of sub-system
in order to achieve the following:
Hide the detail before it is needed
Simplify the problem (easy to understand)
A clear visible scope
Good for comparison between systems



Combination of software,
hardware & services that
people use to manage,
access, communicate and
share information.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(IT)

Step-by-step process for
developing high-quality
information system.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN
(SAD)
Combines IT, people &
data to support business
requirement.
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(IS)
is a person that plans,
develop and maintain IS
SYSTEM ANALYST
(SA)
Four technologies of
information systems
Computer Hardware Technologies (From centralized mainframe
computer to PC, Bar-Code Scanner, Smartcard, Flash Memory, PDA, GPS,
LCD Display, High speed printer [publisher / designer], portable
computer)

Computer Software Technologies (software development life cycle,
rapid development, user interface, dynamic code modification, plug-in,
API, protection [e.g. Acrobat], encryption, compression, robustness,
client-server)

Telecommunication Network Technologies (Wired and Wireless
communication, Internet, browse, WWW, web-oriented application)

Data Resource Management Technologies (Database management,
software development process, ISO, SSADM, CMMI)

Five major knowledge needed
by Information System
professional:
Foundation Concept
Information Technologies
Business Applications
Development Processes
Management Challenge

Foundation Concept
Fundamental behavior, technical, business, and
managerial concepts about the components and
roles of information system. Example include basic
information system concept derived from general
system theory, or competitive strategy concepts used
to develop business applications of information
technology for competitive advantages.
Information Technology
Major concepts, developments, and management
issues in information technologies - that is hardware,
software, networks, data management, and many
Internet-based technologies.

Business Application
The major use of information systems for the
operations, management, and competitive
advantages of a business.

Development Process
How business professionals and information
specialists plan develop, and implement information
systems to meet business opportunities.
Developing and project management is always a
challenge since we always have the habit about
"project delay".

Management Challenges
The challenges of effectively and ethically managing
information technology at the end user, enterprise,
and global levels of a business. The consideration of
user privilege to data access.

Fundamental Roles of IS in
Business

Support Business Process and Operation
As a consumer, you have to deal regularly with the
information systems that support the business
processes and operations at the many retail stores
where you shop.
Support Decision Making
Information systems also help store managers and
other business professional make better decisions.
Support Competitive Advantage
Gaining a strategic advantage over competitor
require innovative use of information technology.
Common types of systems
Natural Systems
Man-made Systems
Automated systems

Automated systems
Automated systems are the man-made systems that interact with or are
controlled by one or more computers. We can distinguish many different
kinds of automated systems, but they all tend to have common
components:
Computer hardware (CPUs, disks, terminals, and so on).
Computer software: system programs such as operating systems,
database systems, and so on.
People: those who operate the system, those who provide its inputs and
consume its outputs, and those who provide manual processing
activities in a system
Data: the information that the system remembers over a period of time.
Procedures: formal policies and instructions for operating the system.

Information System
Components
Processes
Describe the tasks and
business functions that
users, managers, and IT
staff members perform
to achieve specific
results
People
Stakeholders
Users, or end users

25
Understanding The Business
Business Process Modeling
Business Profile
Business Models
Business model
Business process
Business process reengineering (BPR)
26
Understanding The Business
New Kinds of
Companies
Production-oriented
Service-oriented
Internet-dependent
Dot-com (.com)
Brick-and-mortar

27
Impact of the Internet
E-Commerce or I-Commerce
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2B (Business-to-Business)

28
Impact of the Internet
Web-Based System
Development
WebSphere
.NET
Web services
Internet-based systems
involve various
hardware and software
designs
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Automated System Categories by
Application
Batch system
A batch system is one which in it, the information is
usually retrieved on a sequential basis, which means
that the computer system read through all the
records in its database, processing and updating
those records for which there is some activity.

Automated System Categories by
Application
On-line systems
An on-line systems is one which accepts input
directly from the area where it is created. It is also a
system in which the outputs, or results
of computation, are returned directly to where they
are required.

Automated System Categories by
Application
Real-time systems
A real-time system may be defined as one which
controls an environment by receiving data,
processing them, and returning the results
sufficiently quickly to affect the environment at that
time.

Automated System Categories by
Application
Decision-support systems
These computer systems do not make decisions on
their own, but instead help managers and other
professional knowledge workers in an organization
make intelligent, informed decisions about various
aspects of the operation. Typically, the decision-
support systems are passive in the sense that they
donor operate on a regular basis: instead, they are
used on an ad hoc basis, whenever needed

Automated System Categories by
Application
Knowledge-based systems
The goal of computer scientists working in the field
of artificial intelligence is to produce programs that
imitate human performance in a wide variety of
intelligent tasks. For some expert systems, that
goal is close to being attained. For others, although
we do not yet know how to construct programs
that perform well on their own, we can begin to
build programs that significantly assist people in their
performance of a task.

General systems principles
1. The more specialized a system is, the less able it is to adapt to
different circumstances.
2. The more general-purpose a system is, the less optimized it is for any
particular situation. But the more the system is optimized for a
particular situation, the less adaptable it will be to new
circumstances.
3. The larger a system is, the more of its resources that must be
devoted to its everyday maintenance.
4. Systems are always part of larger systems, and they can always be
partitioned into smaller systems.
5. Systems grow. This principle could not be true for all systems, but
many of the systems with which we are familiar do grow, because we
often fail to take it into account when we begin developing the
system.