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Muscle and Contraction

*Blok Dermatomuscular System-K8-9*
Dept.Fisiologi FK USU

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Types of muscle
The three types of
muscle tissue are
skeletal, cardiac,
and smooth
These types differ
in structure,
location, function,
and means of
activation

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Summary: Comparison of Three Muscle Types
Table 12-3: Comparison of Three Muscle Types
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type:
Characteristics :
Speed of contraction determined by
speed in which ATPases split ATP
slow and fast fibers
ATP-forming pathways
Oxidative fibers use aerobic pathways
Glycolytic fibers use anaerobic glycolysis
These two criteria define three
categories slow oxidative fibers, fast
oxidative fibers, and fast glycolytic fibers
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Muscle Fiber Type: Speed of
Contraction
Slow oxidative fibers contract slowly,
have slow acting myosin ATPases, and
are fatigue resistant
Fast oxidative fibers contract quickly,
have fast myosin ATPases, and have
moderate resistance to fatigue

Fast glycolytic fibers contract quickly,
have fast myosin ATPases, and are
easily fatigued
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Morphology of Skeletal Muscle
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Sarcotubular system :
Structur of membrane
surounding the musle
fibrils, consist of :
T tubules : are
continuous with the
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
: functions in the
regulation of
intracellular calcium
movement
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Electrical phenomena & ionic fluxes
Electrical characteristics of skeletal muscle :
Resting membrane potential : - 90 mV
Duration of Action Potential : 2-4 ms
Speed of conduction : 5 m/s
Absolut refractory period : 1-3 ms

Ionic fluxes :
Na
+
influx depolarization
K
+
efflux repolarization
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Stimulation

Depolarization at Action
motor end-plate potential
muscle fiber

contractile
response

Single A.P single contraction = muscle twitch
Contractile responses
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction
In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must be
stimulated by a nerve ending of the somatic
nervous system
Axons of this neurons branch profusely as they
enter muscles
Each axonal branch forms a neuromuscular
junction with a single muscle fiber

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an
axon at the neuromuscular junction, ACh release
to the synaptic cleft.
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction, cont
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to
ACh receptors on the sarcolemma

Binding of ACh to its receptors initiates
an action potential in the muscle.

The process by which depolarization of
the muscle fiber initiates contraction is
called Excitation-Contraction coupling.
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Molecular basis of contraction :
1. Acetylcholin initiates A.P in muscle cell
propagated to entire surface of muscle cell
membrane.
2. The surface electric activity caried into the
muscle fiber by the T tubules.
3. A.P in the T tubules trigers Ca
2+
release from
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
4. Ca
2+
bind to troponin (on actin filament) leads
to tropomyosin moved aside uncover actins
cross-bridge binding sites.


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Myosin cross bridge attaches to
the actin myofilament
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2
3
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Working strokethe myosin head pivots and
bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it
toward the M line
As new ATP attaches to the myosin
head, the cross bridge detaches
As ATP is split into ADP and P
i
,
cocking of the myosin head occurs
Myosin head
(high-energy
configuration)
Thick
filament
Myosin head
(low-energy
configuration)
ADP and P
i
(inorganic
phosphate) released
Sequential Events of Contraction
Figure 9.11
Thin filament
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Molecular basis of contraction.cont :
5. Myosin cross-bridges attach to actin &
bend, producing a power stroke pulling
actin filaments toward center of
sarcomere (previously, myosin have been
energized by the splitting of ATP into ADP
+Pi + energy by myosin ATPase, site on
the cross-bridge)

6. Inward sliding of all the thin filaments
(actin) surounding a thick filament
(myosin) shortens the sarcomere / cause
muscle contraction.
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Molecular basis of contraction.cont :
7. Pi & ADP is released from the cross-bridge
after the power stroke is complete.
8. New ATP attach permits separation of the
cross-bridge return to its original conformation
9. Splitting of ATP by myosin ATPase energizes the
cross-bridge once again.

10. If Ca
2+
still present so that the troponin-tropomyosin
complex remain pulled aside : the cross-bridge go
through another cycle of binding & bending, pulling
the thin filament in even further.
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Types of
Contraction
Isotonic contraction
Muscle tension remains constant as the
muscle changes length.

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Isometric contraction
Muscle is prevented from shortening,
tension developed at constant muscle
length.
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Jenis Gerakan Otot :
Concentric.
Static.
Eccentric.
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Factors influence tension of
contraction
1. The frequency of stimulation
2. The length of the fiber at the onset
of contraction
3. The extent of fatique
4. The thickness of the fiber.
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Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle
Functional Unit
A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the
muscle fibers it supplies
The number of muscle fibers per motor unit
can vary from four to several hundred
Muscles that control fine movements (fingers,
eyes) have small motor units
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Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle Functional
Unit
Figure 9.12 (a)
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Stimulation Strength
Threshold stimulus the stimulus strength at
which the first observable muscle contraction
occurs
Beyond threshold, muscle contracts more
vigorously as stimulus strength is increased
Force of contraction is precisely controlled by
multiple motor unit summation
This phenomenon, called recruitment, brings
more and more muscle fibers into play
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Stimulus
Intensity and
Muscle Tension
Figure 9.15 (a, b)
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The effect of frequency of stimulation
Summation of contraction ;
repeated stimulation (before relaxation has
occurred) additional activation of the
contractile elements greater tension
developed.

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Tetanic contraction ;
rapidly repeated stimulation, no relaxation has
occurred continuous contraction.
Complete tetanus
Incomplete tetanus

Treppe ; an increase in the tension developed
during each twitch until, after several
contractions, a uniform tension per
contraction is reached.

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Treppe: The Staircase Effect
Staircase increased contraction in response
to multiple stimuli of the same strength
Contractions increase because:
There is increasing availability of Ca
2+
in the
sarcoplasm
Muscle enzyme systems become more efficient
because heat is increased as muscle contracts
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Relation between muscle length, tension &
velocity of contraction
Maximum tension produce if length of the
fiber at the onset of contraction is normal
(resting length)
If the muscle is stretched (longer) or shorter,
the active tension & total tension will
reduced.
The velocity of muscle contraction is maximal
at the resting length, & declines if the muscle
get shorter or longer.
(see fig. 3.11 in Ganong)
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Source of energy for muscle contraction
Muscle use ATP for :
Cross-bridge binding & separation
Pumping Ca
2+
from sarcoplasma into SR
Pumping Na
+
& K
+
through the cell
membrane

ATP is sufficient to maintain full contraction for
1-2 s (ATPADP+Pi+energy)

Several source of energy for rephosphorylation is:
1. Phosphorylcreatine
2. Glycogen
3. Oxidative metabolism

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Muscle Fatigue
Muscle fatigue the muscle is in a state of
physiological inability to contract

Muscle fatigue occurs when:
ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use
There is a relative deficit of ATP, causing
contractures
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle
Ionic imbalances are present
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Rigor
When muscle fiber are completely
depleted of ATP &
Phosphorylcreatine, relaxation does
not occur a state rigidity.

When this occur after death rigor
mortis.
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The thickness of the fiber
The force of contraction is affected by:
The number of muscle fibers contracting the
more motor fibers in a muscle, the stronger
the contraction
The relative size of the muscle the bulkier
the muscle, the greater its strength

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Heat Production During Muscle Activity
Only 40% of the energy released in
muscle activity is useful as work
The remaining 60% is given off as
heat
Dangerous heat levels are
prevented by radiation of heat from
the skin and sweating
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Thermodynamically, the energy supplied to a
muscle must equal its energy output. The energy
output appears in work done by the muscle, in
energy-rich phosphate bonds formed for later
use, and in heat. The overall mechanical
efficiency of skeletal muscle (work done/total
energy expenditure) ranges up to 50% while
lifting a weight during isotonic contraction and is
essentially 0% during isometric contraction.
Energy storage in phosphate bonds is a small
factor. Consequently, heat production is
considerable. The heat produced in muscle can be
measured accurately with suitable thermocouples.

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Resting heat, the heat given off at rest, is
the external manifestation of basal
metabolic processes. The heat produced
in excess of resting heat during
contraction is called the initial heat. This
is made up of activation heat, the heat
that muscle produces whenever it is
contracting, and shortening heat, which is
proportionate in amount to the distance
the muscle shortens. Shortening heat is
apparently due to some change in the
structure of the muscle during shortening.

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Following contraction, heat production in excess of
resting heat continues for as long as 30 minutes. This
recovery heat is the heat liberated by the metabolic
processes that restore the muscle to its precontraction
state. The recovery heat of muscle is approximately
equal to the initial heat; ie, the heat produced during
recovery is equal to the heat produced during
contraction.

If a muscle that has contracted isotonically is restored
to its previous length, extra heat in addition to
recovery heat is produced (relaxation heat). External
work must be done on the muscle to return it to its
previous length, and relaxation heat is mainly a
manifestation of this work.

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Developmental Aspects: Age Related
With age, connective tissue increases and
muscle fibers decrease
Muscles become stringier and more sinewy
By age 80, 50% of muscle mass is lost
(sarcopenia)
Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia
Aging of the cardiovascular system affects
every organ in the body
Atherosclerosis may block distal arteries,
leading to intermittent claudication and
causing severe pain in leg muscles
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