HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Subject: Biology


What is the aim of reproduction ?
Introduction
Key Concepts
Human reproductive system consists of:
Primary reproductive organs (gonad)
Accessory glands
Ducts
Testes are male gonad, to produce sperm
Ovaries are female gonad, to produce egg
Gonads release sex hormones that control
reproductive function & development of secondary
sexual traits
The hormones are testosteron, LH, and FSH control
reproductive function

Male Reproduction
Consits:
1. Testis (gonad)
2. Ducts
3. Glands
4. Penis

Organs and accessory glands of
male reproductive tract
Reproductive organs:
Testis (2) : Production of sperm, sex hormone
Epididymis (2) : Sperm maturation site & sperm storage
Vas Deferens (2) : rapid transport of sperm
Ejaculatory duct (2) : Conduction of sperm to penis
Penis : organ of sexual intercourse
Accessory glans
Seminal vesicle (2) : secretion of large part of semen
Prostate gland : secretion of part of semen
Bulbourethral gland (2) : production of lubricating mucus
Testis
Function:
Produce spermatozoa
Produce sex hormone
Testis Structure
Shape: oval
Location: in scrotum
Complex tubular gland
Covered by a capsule
Devided into some lobules
each testis has 250 lobes
Each lobes has some
seminiferus tubules
Seminiferus tubules
Function:
Produce spermatozoa
Leydig cell:
Secrete testosteron (a steroid hormone)
Testosteron:
Central to the growth, form, and function of the
reproductive tract in males
Main role in sperm formation
Stimulates sexual & aggresive behavior
Control the development of secondary sexual
traits
Tubulus seminiferus
Leydig cells between tubules
Sperm Formation
Sperm formation. The process starts with a spermatogonium (a diploid germ cell)
Mitosis, meiosis, as well as incomplete cytoplasmic divisions result in a clone of
Immature haploid cells thet differentiate and develop into mature sperm)
SPERM structure
Consists:
head
neck
tail
Hormones Control
reproduction mechanism
LH: Luteinizing hormone
FSH: Folicle-stimulating hormone

Male reproductive function is
governed by coordinated secretion
of LH (lutenizing hormone), FSH
(follicle-stimulating hormone)
and testosterone. The region of
the brain called the hypothalamus
controls the secretion of these
hormones through a negative
feedback mechanism

Testosterone levels are maintained at
the proper levels for sperm production
by negative feedback loops to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland from
the testes.

EPIDIDYMIS
PROSTAT
BULBOURETHRALIS


PENIS

consists 3 parts
skin/ cutis
corpus cavernosum
urethra
Penis Structure

Female Reproduction
Consists:
1. Ovary
2. Fallopian tube /
oviduct
1. Uterus
2. Vagina
3. Vulva
4. Mammae gland

Position of the female
reproductive organ
Female reproductive organ
Ovaries : Oocyte production and maturation, sex hormone
production
Oviducts : Ducts for conducting oocyte from ovary to uterus;
fertilization normally occurs here
Uterus : Chamber in which new individual develops
Cervix : Secretion of mucus that enhances sperm movement
into uterus and (after fertilization) reduces
embryos risk of bacterial infection
Vagina : Organ of sexual intercourse; birth canal
Female Reproduction System
1. OVARY
Structure
a paire
Shape: Ovale
Position : in the peritoneum
cavity
Supported by ligaments
Contains: follicle to produce
egg



Egg formation
Ovum formation
Secodary follicel

Tertier follicle
Feedback control of
hormonal secretion during a
menstrual cycle
A positive feedback loop from
An ovary to the hypothalamus
Causes a surge in LH secxretion.
The surge triggers ovulation.
The light micrograph shows
a secondary oocyte being
released from an ovary at this time.
Afterward, negative feedback
loops to the hypothalamus and
Pituitary inhibit FSH secretion.
They prevent another follicle from
maturing until the cycle is
completed


Menstrual cycle
Changes in the blood levels of hormones during the menstrual cycle. FSH and
LH are produced by the anterior pituitary; estrogen and progesterone are
produced by cells in the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle is governed by feedback loops between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and
ovaries. Early in the cycle, FSH and LH stimulate the growth of a folliclea primary oocyte and its
surrounding layer of cellsin an ovary. A mid-cycle surge of LH triggers ovulation. Early on,
estrogens call for endometrial repair and growth. Then, estrogens and progesterone prepare the
endometrium and other parts of the reproductive tract for pregnancy.
Menstrual cycle
A human females menstrual cycle lasts about twenty-eight days, on
average. The cycle is divided into three distinct phases.
Controling the
female
reproductiuon by
hormones system
Fertilization
Fertilization
Many sperm surround a secondary oocyte. The penetration of the zona
pellucida by one sperm stimulates the granules in the egg cortex to
release substances that prevent other sperm from entering. It also
stimulates meiosis II in the secondary oocyte and first polar body.
Fertization & zygote
development
Fertization & zygote
development
Featus
Mammae Gland
Milk Production Physiology

Reproduction control system
Quiz
Mention part of the reproductive organ below, and explain their
functions
b
a
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Quiz
Mention part of the reproductive organ below, and explain their
functions
b
a
c
d
e
f
g
i j
k
l
k
l
m
n