CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm

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CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm
ISSUE 3.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 2
Learning Guide
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
Page 3
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know handoff principle and classification.
Know search window and key parameters.
Master handoff tuning in network.
Page 4
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA
Chapter 3 Optimization Command
Page 5
What is handoff
BTS_A
BTS_B
Page 6
Why do we need handoff
To provide the continuous service for subscribers
In wireless communications, during HO process, there is a
high probability of call drop, which directly effects the
system performance 90% of radio call drop occurs during
handoff). Proper handoff algorithm can reduce system call
drop and increase network capacity.
Notice
Page 7
How many kinds of handoff in CDMA
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred
among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication.
Page 8
Page 9
Soft Handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector.
Soft handoff branches are selected by BSC.
Page 10
Soft Handoff
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
Handset continuously measures available pilots and report
to the system
System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), informs handset
Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
Page 11
Softer Handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the
softer handoff is occurred among
multi-sectors in the same base
station.
Softer handoff: Signal of different
branches are combined in BTS.
Page 12
Questions
Which channel signal strength from BTS should be compared by
MS during HO process?
How does MS identify which signal is better than others?
Page 13
Searcher
Correlator
Pilot Sets
Pilots of sectors actually in use
Pilots mobile requested, but not yet
being used by system
Pilots being sent to mobile by system, as
nearby sectors to measure
Any pilots used by system but not already in
the other sets
Active Set
Candidate
Set
Neighbor
Set
Remaining
Set
Page 14
Handoff Parameters
Handset sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the
system whenever
It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD
An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP time
A candidate pilot exceeds an active by T_COMP
Page 15
How to implement Soft Handoff
T_ADD
T_DROP
Pilot 1
Pilot
Strength
Pilot 2
T_TDROP
Neighbor
Set
Candidate
Set
Active
Set
Neighbor
Set
TIME
1 2 3
4 5 6
Active
Set

T_COMP
Page 16
Hard Handoff
MS assisted
Hard handoff
Pseudo pilot
Hard handoff
Hand down
Hard handoff
Direct
Hard handoff
Hard Handoff
Page 17
MS Assisted Hard Handoff
CFSRQM: Candidate Frequency Search Request Message
CFSRSM: Candidate Frequency Search Response Message
CFSCNM: Candidate Frequency Search Order Message
CFSRPM: Candidate Frequency Search Report Message
CFSRPM
(Report)
CFSCNM
(Search Order)
F
1
(serving)
F
2
(candidate)
GHDM
(HHO)
CFSRQM
(Search Parameters)
CFSRSM
(Acceptance)
Page 18
Pseudo Pilot Hard Handoff
F0
F3
F2
F1
F0
F1
F2
F0
Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3
Pilot Beacon
F3
Pilot Beacon
F1
Pilot Beacon
F2
Page 19
F0
Hand Down Hard Handoff
F3
F2
F1
F0
F1
F2
F0
Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3
Page 20
Direct Hard Handoff
F2 F1
Page 21
Page 22
How to search pilot
The purpose of SRCH-WIN set by MS is to capture the multi-path
components, which arrived before or after the current signal. Based on
experience, the SRCH-WIN should be set wide enough so that it can
capture the signal, which has the maximum time delay due to multi-path.
Search Window
Page 23
SRCH-WIN Classification
Currently MS uses three kinds of search windows, these are:
SRCH-WIN-A used for searching the pilots in the active set and
the candidate set
SRCH-WIN-N used for searching the pilots in the neighbor set
SRCH-WIN-R used for searching the pilots in the remain set

The MS fixes the width of the search window according to the system
message. An MS can search the multi-path components of the available
pilot signals within the setting.
Page 24
The Complete Picture of Handoff & Pilot Sets
Page 25
Pilot Searching
SRCH-WIN-A
The MS can utilize the search window to search the pilots
in the active set and the candidate set based on the PN
code. For pilots in the active set and candidate set, the MS
fixes the center of the search window at the moment, when
the multi-path signal of the pilot reaches earliest.

SRCH-WIN-A
The earliest arrived pilot
PILOT PHASE
Page 26
Pilot Searching
SRCH-WIN-N
Uses to monitor neighbor set , the size of this window is
larger than SRCH-WIN-A. The distance is measured in
term of chips (1 chips approximately covers 244m).
The distance is measured in term of chips (1 chips approximately covers 244m).
PN4
{

{

n chip offset with delayed signal necessary
PN16
{

n chip offset because of the search center of active set
{

Expected window
Page 27
Pilot Searching
SRCH-WIN-R
Uses to track the remaining pilots. A typical requirement for
the size of windows is, it should be equal or larger than
SRCH-WIN-N.
Page 28
The Pilot Searchers Measurement Process
Page 29
Delay budget and size of search window
SRCH_WIN_A
Width of SRCH_WIN_A
(Chips)
Delay Budget
(ms)
Available PN
0 4 T < 1.64 512
1 6 1.64 < T < 2.45 512
2 8 2.45 < T < 3.27 512
3 10 3.27 < T < 4.09 512
4 14 4.09 < T < 5.72 512
5 20 5.72 < T < 8.17 512
6 28 8.17 < T < 11.44 512
7 40 11.44 < T < 16.34 512
8 60 16.34 < T < 24.51 512
9 80 24.51 < T < 32.68 512
10 100 32.68 < T < 40.85 512
11 130 40.85 < T < 53.11 512
12 160 53.11 < T < 65.36 256
13 226 65.36 < T < 92.32 256
14 320 92.32 < T < 130.72 170
15 452 130.72 < T < 184.42 128
Page 30
Questions
Whether data service supports soft handoff?
Considering the fact, high power may affect the system, whether
soft handoff can be performed after reducing the rate?
Page 31
How To Optimize Soft Handoff
Reasonable coverage planning and BTS layout
Reasonable setting of T_Add, T_Drop, T_TDROP
Optimize the maximum branches in active handoff
Reasonable planning of handoff region
Reasonable setting of neighbor and neighbor priority
Page 32
MOD HO (Modify Handoff Parameters )
This command is executed to modify handoff parameters.
Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID.
Page 33
MOD BSCHO (Modify Inter-BSC Handoff Parameters )
This command is executed to modify handoff parameters at system level.
Page 34
Optimize Intra-frequency Hard Handoff
MOD HHOSF (Modify Same-Frequency HHO Parameters )
This command is executed to modify same-frequency hard
handoff parameters.
Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID--
Carrier ID.
Page 35
Optimize MS Assistant Hard Handoff
MOD HHOMA (Modify Mobile Assisted HHO Parameters )
This command is executed to modify the mobile assisted hard
handoff parameters.
Page 36
Optimize Pseudo Pilot Hard Handoff
MOD HHOBPLT (Modify Pilot Beacon HHO Parameters )
This command is executed to modify pilot beacon hard handoff
parameters.
Page 37
Optimize Hand Down Hard Handoff
MOD HNDDWN (Modify Hand down HHO Parameters )
This command is executed to modify handdown hard handoff parameters.
Page 38
Optimize Direct Hard Handoff
MOD DRCT (Modify Direct HHO Parameters )
This command is executed to modify direct hard handoff parameters.
Page 39
Questions
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
www.huawei.com
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CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm

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