tion and transciption

ted by Polymerases that Take Instructions

DNA Polymerase Catalyzes Phosphodiester-Bond

Formation
DNA polymerases catalyze the step-by-step
addition
The new DNAof chain
deoxyribonucleotide units toona aDNA
is assembled directly
chain (FigureDNA
preexisting 5.21
template
). . The reaction
catalyzed, in its simplest form, is:
(DNA)n+ dNTP
(DNA)n+1 + PPi
where dNTP stands for any deoxyribonucleotide
and PPi is a pyrophosphate molecule.
Polymerization Reaction Catalyzed by DNA
Polymerases.
DNA Replication . The formation of a phosphodiester bridge
is catalyzed by DNA polymerases .
 DNA Undergoes
Semiconservative Replication
• The Watson-Crick hypothesis
proposed that each strand of
double-helical DNA is used as a
template for the replication of
complementary daughter strands.
• In this way two daughter duplex DNA
molecules identical to the parent
DNA would be formed, each
containing one intact strand from
the parental DNA
Diagram of Semiconservative
Replication.
Parental DNA is shown in blue
and newly synthesized DNA in
red.
Flow of Information from RNA to DNA in Retroviruses . The RNA
genome of a retrovirus is converted into DNA by reverse
transcriptase, an enzyme brought into the cell by the infecting virus
particle. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a
complementary DNA strand, the digestion of the RNA, and the subsequent
synthesis of the DNA strand.
A Complete Genome . The diagram depicts the genome of
Haemophilus influenzae , the first complete genome of a free-
living organism to be sequenced. The genome encodes more than 1700
proteins and 70 RNA molecules. The likely function of approximately
one-half of the proteins was determined by comparisons with sequences
from proteins previously characterized in other species. [From R. D.
Fleischmann et al., Science 269(1995):496; scan courtesy of TIGR.]
Gene Expression Is the Transformation of
Structural genesInto
DNA Information are segments
FunctionalofMolecules
DNA that
DNA
codealso
for contains other
polypeptide segments
chains that
and RNAs
Thus
have chromosomes contain structural
a purely regulatory function. genes
There are many genes
and regulatory in a. single
sequences
chromosome
Gene Expression Is the Transformation of
The
DNA information
Information stored as DNA becomes
Into Functional
First
useful, an
Molecules RNAitcopy
when is made. in the
is expressed
Second , the of
production information in messenger
RNA and proteins . RNA
is translated into a functional protein.
Several Kinds of RNA Play Key Roles in
1Gene
. Messenger RNA is the template for protein
Expression
synthesis
2. TransferorRNAtranslation
carries amino. An mRNA
acidsmolecule
in an may
be producedform
3activated
. Ribosomal for
RNAtoeachthegene
(rRNA ,theormajor
) ribosome group of genes
forcomponent
peptide- of
bond formation
ribosomes , plays, inboth
a sequence
a catalyticdictated
and aby the
mRNA template
structural . There
role is at least
in protein one .kind of
synthesis
tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids.
All Cellular RNA Is Synthesized by RNA
Polymerases
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template is
called transcription
RNA polymerase andthe
requires is catalyzed
following by the
enzyme RNA: polymerase.
1components
. A template . The preferred template is double-
2stranded DNA.precursors. All four ribonucleoside
. Activated
triphosphates ATP, GTP
3. A divalent metal ion, .UTP
Mg2, +and
or CTP
Mn2+are
are
required
effective
(RNA
. . )n+ NTP (RNA)n+1 +
PPi
RNA Polymerases Take Instructions from DNA
Transcription
Templates Begins near Promoter Sites
RNA
and polymerase proceedsSites.
Ends at Terminator along DNA
the templates
DNA
template , transcribing
contain regions called one of itssites
promoter strands
that
until it reaches
specifically bindaRNA
terminator sequence
polymerase and .
determine where transcription begins.
(Figure 5.27A).
Transcription Mechanism of the Chain - Elongation Reaction
Catalyzed by RNA Polymerase .
Complementarity between mRNA and DNA .

DNA Sequence Yields the Amino

Acid Sequence .
Promoter Sites for Transcription ..
 Promoter Sites for
Transcription
• Promoter sites are required for the
initiation of transcription in both
(A) prokaryotes and (B) eukaryotes.
• The first nucleotide to be
transcribed is numbered +1.
• The adjacent nucleotide on the 5 side
is numbered -1. The sequences shown
are those of the coding strand of
DNA
Transfer RNA Is the Adaptor Molecule in
tRNA
Proteincontains an amino acid attachment
Synthesis
Asite
tRNAandmolecule carries
a template a specific
-recognition siteamino
.
acid in an activated form to the site of
protein synthesis.
Base Sequence of the 3
end of an mRNA transcript
in E . coli . A stable
hairpin structure is
followed by a sequence of
uridine (U) residues.
Symbolic Diagram of
an Aminoacyl-tRNA. The
amino acid is
attached at the 3 end
of the RNA. The
anticodon is the
template-recognition
site.
Attachment of an Amino Acid to a tRNA
Molecule . The amino acid (shown in blue) is
esterified to the 3 - hydroxyl group of the terminal
adenosine of tRNA.
The genetic code is the relation between
Three nucleotides
the sequence of basesencode
in an
DNAamino
(or itsacid
RNA
.
Genetic experiments
transcripts ) and the showed that
sequence of an amino
amino
Some
acidsamino
acid acids
isininproteins are
fact encoded
. encoded
by a by moreof
group
than
threeone codon
bases , or, there
codon. are 64 possible
base triplets and only 20 amino acids.
In fact, 61 of the 64 possible triplets
Thus , forparticular
specify most aminoamino
acidsacids
, thereandis3
more than(called
triplets one code word
stop codons
. ) designate
the termination of translation.
Major Features of the Genetic Code
All 64 codons have been deciphered.
Because the code is highly degenerate,
The
onlyother 18 amino
tryptophan andacids are each encoded
methionine
The
by number
aretwo
encoded ofbycodons
or more Indeed
. just for a particular
, leucine
one triplet , arginine
each. ,
amino acid correlates
and serine are specified withbyits
sixfrequency
codons
of
eachoccurrence
. in proteins.
Summary
A Nucleic Acid Consists of Four Kinds of Bases Linked
Ato aPair of NucleicBackbone
Sugar-Phosphate Acid Chains with
Complementary
DNA Sequences
Is Replicated Can Form That
by Polymerases a
Double
Take
Gene Instructions
Expression
- Is from
the Templates
Transformation of
Helical
Amino Structure
DNA Information
Acids into Functional
Are Encoded by Groups of
Molecules
Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point