GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

(CHM-101)
CHAPTER ONE
Chemistry:
The Study Of Change
Chemistry:

Is the study of Matter and Its Changes
Matter is anything that has mass and also
volume.
Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in
an object.
Weight is the measure of the gravitational
force for the matter in an object.
Conversion Factors
Units of length
1 m = 10 dm = 10
2
cm = 10
3
mm = 10
9
nm.
Units of time
1 s = 10
3
ms = 10
6
s = 10
9
ns = 10
12
ps = 10
15
fs.
Units of weight
1g = 10
3
mg = 10
6
g = 10
9
ng.
Units of volume
1L = 1dm
3
= 10
3
cm
3
= 10
3
mL; 1 mL = 1 cm
3
; 1 m
3
= 10
6

cm
3
= 10
3
dm
3
= 10
3
L
where: L = Liter; mL = milliliter; d = deci; c = centi; m =
meter; g = gram; n = nano; = micro, f = femto, p = pico.
Are those digits in a measured number (or
result of the calculation with a measured
number) that include all certain digits plus a
final one having some uncertainty OR The
number of digits necessary to express the
results of a measurement consistent with the
measured precision.
General Rules



Zeros to the right of the decimal and at the
same time to the right of the nonzero number
are significant

Any number that is nonzero is significant.
Zeros between nonzero numbers are
significant.
Zeros at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
Zeros at the right of the decimal and at the
same time to the right of the nonzero number
are significant.
Examples: How many significant figures are
there in each of the following measurements?

0.0351 (3 sig. figs)
0.30210 (5 sig. figs)
52000 (2 sig. figs)
52.000 (5 sig. figs)
010850 (4 sig. figs)
Scientific Notation

A x 10
n


1 A < 10
n is a positive or negative integer
Every digit included in A is significant
Example: The integer number 100 could have
2 or 3 significant figures. It should be written in
one of the following ways:

1.00 x 10
2
(3 sig. figs) but NOT 10.0 x 10
1


1.0 x 10
2
(2 sig. figs) but NOT 0.10 x 10
3

Rounding-off



Zeros to the right of the decimal and at the
same time to the right of the nonzero number
are significant

If the first digit in the part of the number to be
dropped is 5 or greater than 5, increase the
previous digit by 1, then remove the excess
digits.
If the first digit in the part of the number to
be dropped is less than 5, simply remove the
excess digits.
Examples:

3.56343 3.56 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
3.56843 3.57 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
3.57500 3.58 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
Significant Figures
in Multiplication & Division
Example: 0.41 x 2.546 x (3.12 x10
6
) =
7.0012
465183.5687 (calculator answer)
In multiplication and division, the answer should
contain same significant figures as the measurement
with the smaller number of significant figures.
The correct answer should have 2 sig. figs (4.7 x 10
5
)
*(Do not round off each step)
Significant Figures
in Addition & Substraction
Example: 937.3 + 15.224 + 71.04 = 1023.564 (calculator
answer)
In addition and subtraction, the final answer must have
same number of decimal places as the least precise
measurement that is, the measurement with the smallest
number of the decimal places.
The correct answer cannot have more than one
number to the right of the decimal point.
Therefore, the sum, 1023.564, should be rounded
to 1023.6
The answer should read 0.0070 (2 sig. figs).
Example: 8.9250 - 8.904 = 0.021 = 0.007 (calculator answer)
3 3

Exact
Temperature Scales
Celsius to Kelvin Conversion
Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion
K =
o
C + 273
o
F = (9/5)
o
C + 32
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTERS

Liquid: molecules are
close together but not held
rigidly in a fixed position.
Gas: molecules are far away
from each other.
Solid: molecules are close
together with little freedom
of motion.
Solids: are rigid and have a definite
shape and volume.
Liquids: have definite volume but no
definite shape (take the shape of the container).


Gases: have no definite shape or
volume (takes the shape and volume of the
container). Gases can be compressed to form
liquids.
Matter
Mixtures
Pure
substances
Homogeneous
mixtures
Heterogeneous
mixtures
Compounds Elements
Separation by
physical methods
Separation by
chemical methods
Matter
Uniform throughout
Not uniform throughout
Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous matter
cannot be separated by
physical means
can be separated by physical means
Pure substance
Homogeneous mixture
can be decomposed
into something else
by chemical means
Compound
cannot be decomposed
into something else by
chemical means
Element
DENSITY
(g/mL or g/cm
3
)
Density has many uses:

A tool for identification of substances.
To determine the amount of antifreeze & thus the level
of protection against freezing, in the cooling system of
a car.
The liquid in your cars lead storage battery (a solution
of H
2
SO
4
) changes the density because H
2
SO
4
is
consumed as the battery discharges.

In a fully charged battery, density (solution) = 1.30 g/cm
3


If the density falls below 1.20 g/cm
3
, this means that the
battery will have to be charged.