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MOTION
and FORCE
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=511rdc8K_TU&list=PLxoGT-uqkSqWqi_tULkoqMfkCmeRpAwGO&index=2
DOS DOCUMENTOS BSICOS...
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* What is motion ?
* Constant speed and variable speed
* Acceleration
* Units for distance, time, speed and acceleration in
the International System of Units
* Graphs of motion
MOTION
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An object is in MOTION if it changes its position relative to another object
SPEED describes the distance an object travels during
certain amount of time. Speed is the rate at which an object
covers a distance.

If a cyclist travelled a distance of 15 km in an hour's time, the
bicycle was moving at a speed of 15 kilometers per hour
Speed equals the distance travelled divided by the time it took to travel.














Many objects in motion do not travel at a constant speed.
A car travelling between two cities moves at different speeds along the way.
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The motion of an object can be shown on a graph with the x axis as time and
the y axis as distance.

To graph the motion, plot the data points that indicates the distance traveled at a particular
time and then draw a line through the points.
The slope of this line represents the speed of the object
A steeper slope indicates a faster speed
DISTANCE VERSUS TIME GRAPH
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To completely describe the motion of an object you need to know both the
speed and direction it is travelling.
VELOCITY is described as the speed of an object in a given direction

Velocity can provide important information: for example, although the speed of a
huricane is informative, the velocity of the storm is critical for people to determine if
they are on the predicted path of destruction
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REVIEW
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Drag and drop REVIEW
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Drag and drop
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Drag and drop
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ACCELERATION is the rate at which an object's VELOCITY changes.

A change in velocity can be an increase or a decrease in speed
OR
a change in direction

A roller coaster at the
peak of a steep drop
and at the bottom of the peak
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A race car accelerates, GAINING SPEED, when it starts a race.

The car decelerates, or has a NEGATIVE ACCELERATION, when it slows down
and stops to re-fuel.

A race car travelling around the track AT A CONSTANT SPEED ALSO HAS
ACCELERATION if it changes in direction
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Acceleration an be idenfitied on a distance versus time graph.
The slope of the line on this graph represents an object's speed.
A straight line indicates that the object's speed is not changing.
A curve with a slope the is becoming steeper, tells us that the object is accelerating.
A line curved in the opposite direction indicates that the object is decelerating
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Also we can use SPEED VERSUS TIME GRAPH

The slope of the line represents the object's acceleration.
If the line is straight, the acceleration is constant
A steeper slope indicates a faster acceleration
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This SPEED VERSUS TIME GRAPH
shows a constant change in speed
over time:
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
This DISTANCE VERSUS TIME GRAPH
shows motion at CONSTANT SPEED:
the object covers equal distance every
second.
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REVIEW
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FORCES
* What is a force? Types of forces
* Measuring forces. Strength and direction of forces
* Units for force in the International System of Units
* Balanced and unbalanced forces
* Three important forces: gravity, friction and air
resistance
* The Law of Universal Gravitation
* Mass and weight
* Newton's first and second Laws of motion
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A FORCE is a PUSH or a PULL.

When you kick a football, you are
exerting a force on the ball to make
it move.

A force is DESCRIBED by its
STRENGTH and its DIRECTION.

A force's strength is MESURED in
units called Newtons, named after
Sir Isaac Newton.

A force is REPRESENTED by an
arrow pointing in the direction of the
force.
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There are a variety of types of forces

Action-at-a-Distance Forces

Gravitational Force


Magnetic Force


Electrical Force..
Contact Forces

Tension Force


Applied Force


Frictional Force


Air Resistance Force...
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We cannot see forces but we can see their effects.

Forces can have several effects upon the objects:

They can change their direction if they're moving

They can change their speed by slowing them down, speeding them up or putting
them into movement

They can change their shape.
We measure the size of a force using a force meter.

A force meter contains a spring.
If a force is applied to the spring, it stretches.
The larger the force we apply, the more the spring stretches.

We measure the size of a force in Newtons (N).
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Activity

A student hung weights on the spring and then measured how much the spring extended. He
recorded his results in this table:










a) What shape is your
graph?

b) How much force
must be applied to the
spring to make it stretch
these amounts?
15
mm 33
mm

c) By how much will
the spring stretch if these
forces are applied to it?
7 N
9 N
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Forces can act in combination and produce a NET FORCE.

When two forces are exerted in the same direction, you calculate the net
force by adding the two forces together.

If two equal forces are opposed to each other, they cancel each other out.
These are called BALANCED FORCES.

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Two unequal opposing forces produce a net force in the direction of
the larger force.
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Three important forces
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FRICTION (min 12)
When two surfaces are rubbed against each other,
a force called friction is exerted.

Friction acts in the opposite direction
of an object's motion.

When an object is in motion, friction can slow it down
and cause it to stop.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=511rdc8K_TU&list=PLxoGT-uqkSqWqi_tULkoqMfkCmeRpAwGO&index=2
Remember balanced forces:

they cancel each other out
and the object does not move
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The strength of friction depends on the types of surfaces that are in
contact and the amount of contact between the surfaces
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There are several types of friction:
- Static friction occurs when a force is exerted on an object but the object does
not move
- Rolling fiction is easier to overcome than sliding friction in similar materials
- Fluid friction occurs when a object moves through a fluid (a boat moves
through water or an aeroplane flies through the air)

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REVIEW
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Resultant forces.doc
REVIEW
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THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION, proposed by Sir Isaac Newton,
states that all objects in the universe attract each other through gravity.

Gravity is a type of force that pulls objects toward each other.

The amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on their
masses and the distance between them:
- The strength of gravity increases as mass increases,
- and the strength of gravity decreases as the distance between objects
increases
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The mass of a person is the same on
the Moon and the Earth, but the
person weighs less on the Moon than
on the Earth because the Moon
exerts a smaller gravitational force
than the Earth
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

Weight equals
mass times
gravitational acceleration
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Activities
The weight of an object is the force caused by gravity pulling down on the mass of an
object. It is measured in Newtons (N). W = g .m

(W is the weight in Newtons, g is the gravity g=9.8 m/s
2
and m is the mass of the object measured in kg).





a)Complete the following table to find out what you weigh on each of the planets in our Solar
System

a)On which planet do you weigh the most?

a)On which planet do you weigh the least?

a)Calculate the weight of the following
objects
A 16 kg table
A 3 kg melon
A 0.100 gr apple
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When gravity is the only force acting on
an object, the object is in FREE FALL

This can be observed if the objects are
placed in a vacuum..
On Earth, ALL objects in free fall
accelerate at the same rate of 9'8 m/s
2
,
even if the objects have different
masses

But if they fall through the air, objects
experience resistance, which is a type of
fluid friction acting in the opposite
direction of gravity.

Objects with greater surface area will
experience more AIR RESISTANCE
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The Earth always produces the same acceleration on every object.
If you drop an nut or a piano, they will gain velocity at the same rate.
Although the gravitational force the Earth exerts on the objects is different, their masses
are just as different, so the effect we observe (acceleration) is the same for each. The
Earth's gravitational force accelerates objects when they fall. It constantly pulls, and the
objects constantly speed up.

There is a lot of air resistance and that resistance makes the feather move slower.
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REVIEW
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Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist and astronomer who
lived in the late 1600s.

He is considered one of the most influential scientists of all time.

Newton proposed the law of universal gravitation AS WELL AS
the three basic laws of motion, which have influenced the study of physics for
over 300 years.
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NEWTON'S FIRST LAW is also known as THE LAW OF INERTIA.

This law states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction UNLESS an unbalanced force acts.

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For example, when a car brakes, a passenger's body will tend to move forward
due to inertia. A seatbelt provides an opposing force to this inertia.
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NEWTON'S SECOND LAW states that ...

the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the net
force affecting the object
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When the same amount of force is
exerted, an object with
smaller mass accelerates faster than
an object with larger mass
If the amount of force on an
object is increased, then the
acceleration will increase
The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force, and
inversely proportional to the mass
of the object
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The equation that describes Newton's second law is acceleration equals net
force divided by mass.

Re- arranging this equation to net force equals mass times acceleration is
useful when you need to find the amount of force that is affecting an object
A NEWTON is the SI unit of
force.

The symbol for newton is N.

One newton is equal to the amount
of force needed to accelerate a 1
kg. mass 1 m/sec
2
.

1 N = 1 kgm/s
2
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The three INCORRECT laws on motion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yf0BN0kq7OU&index=13&list=PLxoGT-uqkSqWqi_tULkoqMfkCmeRpAwGO
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=511rdc8K_TU&index=2&list=PLxoGT-
uqkSqWqi_tULkoqMfkCmeRpAwGO

(min 8)
REVIEW
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(min 9)
REVIEW
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Air resistance =
the force the air against the cyclist
With aerodynamics outfit:
just a third of the drag the
cyclist started with
REVIEW
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REVIEW
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/forces/fallingrev2.shtml

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/forces/terminal_velocity.htm
Hints:

According to Newton's second
law, the acceleration of an
object is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force,
and inversely proportional to
the mass of the object; or
F
net
= ma

The weight of an object is a
product of its mass and
acceleration due to gravity or
F
Weight
= mg

The faster he goes the more
air particles he collides with per
second therefore the bigger
the air resistance will be.

F
W
- F
AR
= F
net
= ma
The parachutist issue: cut the 14 cards and re-arrange them in the right order
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http://home.clara.net/darvill/enforcemot/para1.htm
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TEST
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3.The speed of an object in a certain direction
2.A push or a pull on an object
4.The acceleration of an object depends on mass and force affecting it;
the force of an object equeals its mass times its acceleration
5.The tendency of an object to resist change once it is in motion
6.The mathematical unit used to describe the amount of force;
named after the famours scientist Sir Isaac Newton
9.The rate which describes how fast an object is moving or changing its position
12.A physical law observed by Isaac Newton that states that all objects in the universe
attract each other through gravity
7.An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force
8.The rate at which an object's velocity is changing; it can be an increase or decrease in speed
Or a change in direction
1.The process of an object changing its position relative to another object
10.The rate which describes how fast an object is moving or changing its positon
in a certain period of time
11.A force of attraction that pulls objects toward each other
REVIEW:
vocabulary
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(a) The drawing below shows
the size and direction of four
forces acting on the astronaut.
In which direction, A, B, C or D,
will the astronaut move?

(b) The drawing below shows
the size and direction of four
different
forces acting on the astronaut.
What will happen to the
astronaut when the jets produce
these four forces? Explain your
answer.
(c) The drawing below
shows the size and direction of
four different forces acting on
the astronaut.
Draw an arrow on the
diagram below to show the
direction in which he will
move.
The drawings show an astronaut in space. He has four small jets attached to his space
suit. These jets produce forces on the astronaut.
Activities
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ENERGY
AND
WORK DONE
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/forces/kineticenergyrev2.shtml

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Work, force and distance

You should know, and be able to use, the relationship between work done, force applied
and distance moved.

Work and energy are measured in the same unit, the joule (J).

When an object is moved by a force, energy is transferred and work is
done.

But work is not a form of energy - it is one of the ways in which energy can be
transferred.

Work done = F x d
work done (joule, J) = force (newton, N) distance (metre, m)


Example:

A force of 10N is applied to a box to move it 2m along the floor. What is the work done
on the box?

The work done is 10 2 = 20J.
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Potential energy and kinetic energy

Gravitational potential energy
Any object that is raised against the force of gravity
stores gravitational potential energy.
For example, if you lift a book up onto a shelf,
you have to do work against the force of gravity.
The book has gained gravitational potential energy.

Elastic potential energy
Elastic objects such as elastic bands and squash balls can be stretched or squashed, but
energy is needed to change their shape. This energy is stored in the stretched or
squashed object as elastic potential energy.

Kinetic energy
Every moving object has kinetic energy
(sometimes called movement energy).
The more mass an object has, and the faster it is moving,
the more kinetic energy it has.




You should be able to discuss the transformation of kinetic energy to other forms of
energy.
http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/forceandmotion/workandenergy.html
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Example 1 - The bouncing ball

Several energy transfers happen when a squash ball is dropped onto a table and
bounces up again.

When the ball is stationary above the table, its gravitational potential energy (GPE) is at
a maximum. It has no kinetic energy (KE), or elastic potential energy (EPE).

As the ball falls, its GPE is transferred to KE and the ball accelerates towards the table.

When the ball hits the table, the KE is transferred to EPE as the ball squashes. As the ball
regains its shape, the EPE is transferred to KE and it bounces upwards.

When the ball reaches the top of its travel, all the KE has been transferred to GPE again.
Note that the ball will be lower than it was when it was first dropped, because some energy
is also transferred as heat and sound to the surroundings.
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Example 2 - The pendulum

The pendulum is a simple machine for transferring gravitational potential energy to
kinetic energy, and back again.

When the bob is at the highest point of its swing, it has no kinetic energy, but its gravitational
potential energy is at a maximum. As the bob swings downwards, gravitational potential
energy is transferred to kinetic energy, and the bob accelerates.

At the bottom of its swing, the bobs kinetic energy is at a maximum and its gravitational
potential energy is at a minimum.

As the bob swings upwards, its kinetic energy is transferred to gravitational potential energy
again. At the top of its swing, it once again has no kinetic energy, but its gravitational potential
energy is at a maximum.

Note that the bobs swing will become lower with each swing, because some energy is also
transferred as heat to the surroundings.
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