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THERMODYNAMICS OF GAS

TURBINE OPERATION
Priambudi 0706403920
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Outline
Gas Turbine Preview
Brayton Cycle
Ideal Brayton Cycle
Non Ideal Brayton Cycle
Regenerative Cycle
Equations and Case Study
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Preview
Open Basis and Closed Basis
Working fluid : air = ideal gas
T : due to HT from external source
O C
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Brayton Cycle
W
cycle
= W
turbine
W
compressor
Four important points: compressor inlet (1), compressor
outlet(2), turbine inlet (3), turbine outlet (4)
Three types : ideal, non ideal, regenerator.
I/N R
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Ideal Cycle (P-v)
12ab1: work by
compressor
34ab3 : work
resulted from turbin
T-s curve

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Ideal Cycle (T-s)
Ideal: isentropic process at
12 and 34
No friction at compressor
and turbine
Heat
added
= h
3


h
2
(W/m)
C
= h
2
h
1
(W/m)
T
= h
3
h
4
W
cyc
= m [(h
3
-h
4
)-(h
2
-h
1
)]


heatadded
m W m W
Eff
C T
thermal
) / ( ) / (

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation


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Non Ideal Cycle
Friction at compressor and
turbine
Increased entropy at 12 and 34
(W/m)
C
= h
2
h
1
, > ideal

(W/m)
T
= h
3
h
4
, < ideal

W
cyc
= m [(h
3
-h
4
)-(h
2
-h
1
)],
< ideal
Lower Eff
thermal


heatadded
m W m W
Eff
C T
thermal
) / ( ) / (

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation


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Regeneration
Reduction in heat added
Heat
added
= h
3
h
x
Tx
max
= T
4
= T at outlet turbine
(W/m)
C
= ideal

(W/m)
T
= ideal

W
cyc
= ideal
Higher Eff
thermal


x
C T C T
thermal
h h
m W m W
heatadded
m W m W
Eff

3
) / ( ) / ( ) / ( ) / (
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Case Study
Gas turbine
Turbine efficiency = 0.9
Compressor efficiency = 0.9
Volumetric flow rate of air = 4m
3
/s
Inlet compressor temp = 290K

Inlet turbine temp = 1400K
Compressor ratio = 12

Inlet compressor P = 90 kPa
Regeneration efficiency = 0.78
Find : thermal efficiency and work produced
For ideal, nonideal and regenerative cycle.



Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Ideal Cycle
Find h1, h2, h3, h4
1-2: isentropic
T1 : 290K, H1 = 290.16 kJ/kg, P
R1
= 1.2311



P
R2
= 14.7732, H2 = 590.47 kJ/kg
3-4 isentropic
T3 : 1400K, H3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, P
R3
= 450.5



P
R4
= 37.541, H4 = 750.995 kJ/kg


. . P
P P P
P
P
P
P
R
R R rat
R
R
7732 14 2311 1 12
12 12
2
1 2
1
2
1
2


P
P P
P P
P
P
P
R
R R
rat R
R
541 . 37 5 . 450
12
1
12
1
12
1 1
4
3 4
3
4
3
4


TABLE
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Ideal Cycle
H1 = 290.16 kJ/kg, H2 = 590.47 kJ/kg
H3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, H4 = 750.995 kJ/kg









Thermal efficiency is 50.18%
Produced power is 2.007MW


s
kg
MR
RT
P s m v
s kg m
325 . 4
97 . 28
10 290 314 . 8
10 90 4

10
) / (
) / (
3
3
3
1
1
3

5018 . 0
) 47 . 590 42 . 1515 (
) 16 . 290 47 . 590 ( ) 99 . 750 42 . 1515 (
) 2 3 (
) 1 2 ( ) 4 3 (
) ( ) (

t
C T
t
H H
H H H H
heatadded
m
W
m
W

MW kW
H H H H m
m
W
m
W
m W
C T cyc
007 . 2 297 . 2007
)] 16 . 290 47 . 590 ( ) 99 . 750 42 . 1515 [( 325 . 4
)] 1 2 ( ) 4 3 [( ] ) ( ) [(



Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Non-Ideal Cycle
H1 = 290.16 kJ/kg, H2s = 590.47 kJ/kg
H3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, H4s = 750.995 kJ/kg
Find H4 from Turbine Efficiency




Find H2 from Compressor Eff.





H2= 623.84kg/kJ, H4 = 827.438kg/kJ


g 827.43kJ/k 750.995) - (1515.42 0.9 - 1515.42
) 4 3 ( 9 . 0 3 4
9 . 0
4 3
4 3
) (
) (


s
s id
non
turbine
H H H H
H H
H H
m W
m W

g 623.84kJ/k
9 . 0
290.16) - (590.47
290.16
9 . 0
) 1 2 (
1 2
9 . 0
1 2
1 2
) (
) (


H H
H H
H H
H H
m W
m W
s
s
non
id
comp

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation


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Non-Ideal Cycle
H1 = 290.16 kJ/kg, H2 = 623.837 kJ/kg
H3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, H4 = 827.44 kJ/kg











Thermal efficiency is 39.74% < ideal
Produced power is 1.532MW < ideal


s
kg
MR
RT
P s m v
s kg m
325 . 4
97 . 28
10 290 314 . 8
10 90 4

10
) / (
) / (
3
3
3
1
1
3

3974 . 0
) 837 . 623 42 . 1515 (
) 16 . 290 837 . 623 ( ) 44 . 827 42 . 1515 (
) 2 3 (
) 1 2 ( ) 4 3 (
) ( ) (

t
C T
t
H H
H H H H
heatadded
m
W
m
W

MW kW
H H H H m
m
W
m
W
m W
C T cyc
532 . 1 434 . 1532
)] 16 . 290 83 . 623 ( ) 43 . 827 42 . 1515 [( 325 . 4
)] 1 2 ( ) 4 3 [( ] ) ( ) [(



Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Regeneration
Ideal cycle with Regeneration
H1 = 290.16 kJ/kg, H2s = 590.47 kJ/kg
H3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, H4s = 750.995
Maximum x = T4 = T outlet turbine










Efficiency : 58.03% > ideal
Same produced power compared to ideal
cycle, with higher efficiency

/kg 715.6795kJ
590.47) - (750.995 0.78 590.47
) 1 4 ( 78 . 0 2
78 . 0
2 4
2

H H H Hx
H H
H Hx
regen

5803 . 0
) 6795 . 715 42 . 1515 (
) 16 . 290 47 . 590 ( ) 995 . 750 42 . 1515 (
) 3 (
) 1 2 ( ) 4 3 (
) ( ) (

t
C T
t
Hx H
H H H H
heatadded
m
W
m
W

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation


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Conclusion
Components of Brayton cycle: compressor, heat exchanger
and turbine
Brayton cycle : ideal, non ideal, regenerative
Ideal cycle : isentropic process at comp. and turbine
Non ideal : entropy increase due to friction
Regenerative ideal cycle has highest efficiency
W
cycle
= W
turbine
W
compressor

Thermal efficiency : (W
turbine
-W
comp.
)/(heat added)
Regenerator efficiency : highest when T
regen
= T
outlet
Turbine

Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation
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Thank You
Feel free to ask Any Question
Thermodynamic of Gas Turbine Operation

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