1

Green Jobs: Safety & Health Outlook

for
Workers and Small Employers
April 1, 2010
Sanji Kanth, Safety Engineer
Office of General Industry Enforcement
Directorate of Enforcement Programs
2
Panel Members

Don Ellenberger
Environmental Hazard Training Director
CPWR The Center for Construction Research and Training

Michele Myers
Manager of Labor, Health and Safety Policy
American Wind Energy Association

Justin August, CIH
Industrial Hygienist
Covanta Energy Corporation

3
Session Overview

OSHAs green job efforts and discuss workplace hazards
associated with green jobs.

Information on green processes and technologies that are
incorporated into the construction, energy, and waste
management and recycling industries.
Opportunities and challenges posed by green jobs.

Best practices and strategies for small businesses in
reducing safety and health hazards associated with green
jobs.
4
What are Green Jobs?
No Widely Accepted
Definition

Jobs Related to
Preserving or Restoring
Environment or Natural
Resources

Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) Seeking
Comments on the Green
Jobs Definition
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/2010-5705.htm
5
Green Jobs Industry Categories
Renewable Energy
Energy Efficiency
Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Pollution Reduction and Cleanup
Recycling and Waste Reduction
Agricultural and Natural Resources
Conservation
Education, Compliance, Public
Awareness, and Training



6
Renewable Energy

Wind
Solar
Biomass/BioFuel
Geothermal
Tidal Energy
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Other Renewable Sources
7

Falls
Confined Spaces
Fires
Lockout/Tagout
Medical and First Aid
Crane, Derrick and Hoist Safety
Electrical
Machine Guarding
Respiratory Protection, and
Other Typical Workplace Hazards


Green Jobs Hazards
8
Picture Source: http://simplifiedsafety.com/solutions/application/wind-turbine/
Falls
Confined Spaces
Lockout/Tagout
Crane, Derrick and
Hoist Safety
Electrical
Machine Guarding
Other Typical
Workplace Hazards
Wind Energy Hazards
9
10
Wind Turbine Blade Manufacturing
11
Sanding & Grinding
12
Source: http://www.windaction.org/pictures/1054
Wind Energy Hazards (contd.)
Fire Hazards
Medical and First Aid
13
Solar Panel Installation/Removal Hazards


Fall Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Heat/Cold Stress
Hazards
Installing/Removing
Photovoltaic Products
containing Cadmium
Telluride (carcinogen)
Picture Source:
http://www.coshnetwork.org/sites/default/
files/OSEIA_Solar_Safety_12-06.pdf
14
Source: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ohb/Pages/New.aspx#solar
Solar Energy Accidents
15
http://www.coshnetwork.org/sites/default/files/OSEIA_Solar_Safety_12-06.pdf
16
Weatherization and Insulation Hazards
Use of Spray
Polyurethane Foam
(SPF)
Chemical Hazards -
Isocyanates
Confined Space
Hazards
Fall Hazards
Fire Hazards
Medical and First Aid
Electrical Hazards
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BioFuel Hazards
Fire and Explosion
hazards
Chemical Reactivity
hazards
Toxicity hazards
Other Hazards


Picture Source: http://www.nunukphotos.com/biofuels-photos.html
18
Waste Management and Recycling
Collection
Traffic Safety
Ergonomics
Lead
Mercury
Precious/Rare Metals
Machine Guarding
Lockout/Tagout
Cardboard Baling

19
GeoThermal Hazards
Trenching
Excavations
Silica
Electrical
Welding and cutting
Fall protection

Picture Source: http://www.ecogeek.org/component/content/article/2988-us-
government-surpasses-google-for-geothermal-fund
20
Green Roof Hazards
Picture Source:
http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/902
/

Fall Protection
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) Related Hazards
Exposure to Silica dust
Crane Derrick and Hoist
Powered Industrial Trucks
Electrical
Heat/Cold Stress

21
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hazards
Fire and Explosion
Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Other Typical
Workplace Hazards
22
OSHA Green Jobs Safety Web Page
Greens Jobs Web
Site

OSHAPedia

23
24
OSHA Green Jobs Safety Web Page

Industry specific hazards
OSHA standards applicable to the
hazards
OSHA resources addressing the
hazards
Accident Information
Other outside resources
25
Future Plans
Monitor Injury/Illness trends

Continuously Improve the Web Page
on Green Jobs in providing necessary
resources to employers and workers

26
Green jobs are good jobs only
when they are safe jobs.
-- David Michaels, PhD, MPH
December 16, 2009
27
A View from under the Hard Hat
Don Ellenberger, Environmental Hazard Training Director

April 1, 2010
Frances Perkins Building Auditorium
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.C.
Green Jobs: Safety & Health Outlook for Workers
Insulators & Asbestos Workers
Boilermakers
Bricklayers
Carpenters
Plasterers & Cement Masons
Electrical Workers
Ironworkers
Painters & Allied Trades
Plumbers & Pipe Fitters
Roofers
Sheet Metal Workers
Elevator Constructors
Laborers
Teamsters
Operating Engineers
Number and percentage of construction establishments and employees,
by establishment size, 2007
(Payroll establishments)
Establishment size Number of % of all Total number % of all
(number of employees) establishments establishments of employees employees

1 to 9 660,454 81.4% 1,711,260 23.5%
10 to 19 78,957 9.7% 1,057,733 14.6%
20 to 99 63,309 7.8% 2,457,313 33.8%
100 to 499 8,176 1.0% 1,481,955 20.4%
500 or more 556 0.1% 559,622 7.7%
Total 811,452 100.00% 7,267,833 100.00%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: County Business Patterns, 2007
What is Green (in construction?)
Building upgrades for
older homes /
apartments
Windows / doors /
insulation
What is Green (in construction?)
Wind turbine erection
Are Green Jobs Safer?
No statistical difference between green and
non-green projects in terms of construction
worker safety and health.





Source: Rajendran / Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, October 2009



USGBC says
occupants are
healthier and more
productive in LEED
buildings
But what about
the builders . . . ?
The LEED Building
Designed to:
Reduce energy consumption
Reduce water consumption
Reduce CO2 output
Improve indoor air quality
Improve resources stewardship
Harold Billingsley, Ironworker
How many construction site
deaths should there be to make
a building not green regardless
of the environmental benefits?

How can safety be designed
into Green Jobs?
There currently is a blind spot in sustainable
design practice when it comes to worker safety
and health.
Tremendous focus is placed on materials,
energy and the environment, but designers
typically give little, if any, consideration to the
safety and health of the people who install the
green features or build the projects.

Source: Gambatese / ENR.com
NIOSHs Top Compelling Activities
#3 Include OSH into green and
sustainable standards as they are being
updated
#4 Include OSH in procurement and
construction
#6 Integrate safety and health into green
elements of contractor specifications
#9 Develop, validate and disseminate a
LEED-like OSHA rating system
We can quantify
LEED rates jobs on:
Sustainable sites
Water efficiency
Energy and atmosphere
Materials and resources
Indoor environmental air
quality
Innovation and design
So let US rate jobs on:
Owner commitment to
safety
Safety and health
professionals / contracts
Safety and health
planning
Training and education
Employee involvement
There is a tool in development to do this
LEED-like OSH rating system
Project Team Selection
Owner uses past safety performance
when selecting a contractor
General uses past safety performance
when selecting subs
Owner chooses designer with experience /
knowledge of worker safety & health
S & H in Contracts
Safety & Health requirements in contracts
Hazards identified in drawings
Specify less hazardous materials

S & H Professionals
Competent personnel for all high hazard
tasks
Owner safety representative
General contractor safety representative
Sub-contractor safety representative

S & H Planning
Included during conceptual stage of
project
Constructability review
Designing for worker safety and health
Life cycle safety design review
Safety checklist for designers
General and Subs site specific safety plan
S & H Planning (cont.)
Job hazard analysis
Pre-task planning
Look-ahead schedule
Traffic plans
Good housekeeping plan
PPE plan
Training and Education
Safety training for designers
Safety orientation for all workers
OSHA 10 for all workers
Safety training for field supervisors*

A Foremans Choice
Commercial building HVAC / energy
upgrades
Construction Safety Association of
Ontario - Study
My recommendation for small
employers with construction workers:
Plan for safety
Train your foremen
Train workers, especially new and
inexperienced workers
Score yourself on how well you design
your project from inception

As DOL/BLS proceeds in establishing a
definition of green jobs, it is essential that
conserving our human resources receive
the same consideration as conserving our
natural resources.
Don Ellenberger CPWR
301-578-8500
donellenberger@cpwr.com www.cpwr.com
Our recommendations to DOL / BLS &
OSHA
55
Safety and Health Outlook:
Wind Energy

April 1, 2010
Michele Myers
Manager, Labor, Health and Safety Policy
American Wind Energy Association
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)
Founded in 1974
More than 2,500 business members
Wind project developers
Transportation and construction companies
Manufacturers from bolts to turbines
More than 8,000 parts in a turbine

www.AWEA.org provides extensive info on wind
American Wind Energy Association
Trade association for the wind energy industry
Over 2,500 business members
www.awea.org
Develops policies and conducts analysis to support
wind industry growth
Executes wind industrys legislative agenda
Promotes wind energy through advocacy,
advertising and media relations
Convenes conferences and workshops to educate
the public and bring industry members together
History of Wind Energy
An Age-Old Energy Source
Early Days
Cretan windmill (1464
AD mechanical water
pumping)

Dutch windmill (1500
mechanical water
pumping, grain milling)

U.S. farm windmill (1854
present mechanical
water pumping)

Early Days
Brush Turbine (1888)
First large-scale unit (17-m rotor diameter)

Small wind electric turbines (1890s
Denmark, U.S., elsewhere)

Sporadic experiments with turbines of ~100
kW in U.K., Italy, Germany (1920s and 1930s)
Early Days
Smith-Putnam Turbine
Grandpa Knob,
Castleton, VT
175-foot rotor, 1.25-MW
capacity
Operated from late
1941 to spring of 1945
Economic failure
technological triumph
Foundation footings
still in place
Post-1973 Oil Shock
Federal Wind R&D Program

Outgrowth of Eisenhower-
era NSF program

Sponsored procurements in
range of sizes

Boeing MOD-2 is icon (300-
foot rotor, 3-MW capacity)

Helped build technology
and engineering base
Post-1973 Oil Shock
1978 Second oil shock leads to:
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
(PURPA)
Requires utilities to buy electricity from renewable
and cogeneration facilities
Energy Tax Act of 1978
Creates 15% Energy Investment Tax Credit (EITC)
Added to existing 10% ITC
Limited Partnership Structure -> Wind Farms
Early Wind Farm Era
First Wind Farm Crotched Mountain, NH, December
1980 (equipment failures, wind speed overestimated)
California Wind Farms Altamont, Tehachapi, San
Gorgonio passes, December 1981
Wind begins explosive growth, ended abruptly with
sunset of EITC in December 1985
Wind Turbines:
Power for a House or City
Basic Supply Chain
Raw
Materials
Suppliers

Component
Suppliers

Major
Component
Suppliers

Turbine
Manufacturers
Turbine Manufacturers create a ripple effect down the supply
chain, creating even more jobs indirectly than at their facilities.
Fundamentals of Wind Power
Rotor

Nacelle



Tower
Turbine subsystems include:

A rotor, or blades, which convert
the wind's energy into rotational
shaft energy
A nacelle (enclosure) containing
a drive train, usually including a
gearbox and a generator
A tower, to support the rotor and
drive train; and electronic
equipment such as controls,
electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection
equipment.
Inside a Nacelle
This picture shows a
Vestas 80-meter
diameter, 2-MW wind
turbine superimposed
on a Boeing 747
jumbo jet
80 m.
59.6 m.
How Big is a 2-MW Wind Turbine?
Towers:
Towers
Ladders
Lifts

Rotor:
Hub
Nose Cone
Blades
Composites
Blade Core
Pitch Mechanisms
Drives
Brakes
Rotary Union

Nacelle:
Nacelle Cover
Nacelle Base
Heat exchanger
Controllers
Generator
Power Electronics
Lubricants
Filtration
Insulation
Gearbox
Pump
Drivetrain
Ceramics
Shaft



Foundation:
Rebar
Concrete
Casings

Other:
Transformers
Bolts/Fasteners
Wire
Paints and Coatings
Lighting
Lighting Protection
Steel Working/Machining
Communication Devices
Control and Condition Monitoring Equipment
Electrical Interface and Electrical Connection
Batteries
Bearings
Brakes




There are over 8,000 components in a turbine, including:
2
Turbine Components
Hub Height: 60-100
meters (197-328
feet)
Rotor Diameter: 70-
100 meters (230-328
feet)
Total Weight of
Turbine: 230 - 340
tons

Wind Power Technology
Small Wind Systems
Range from 0.3 to 100
kW
Installed in on- and
off-grid applications
Require 4 m/s (9 mph)
average wind sites
Large Wind Systems
Range in size from
660 kW to 3.6 MW
Provide wholesale
bulk power
Require average
wind speeds of 6
m/s (13 mph)
One megawatt of
wind generates
about as much
electricity as 225 to
300 households use
U.S. Wind Resource Map
Copyright 2008 3TIER, Inc. All Rights Reserved. For permission to
reproduce or distribute: info@3tiergroup.com
J obs - Wind Energy

20% Wind Energy by 2030
U.S. Department of Energy:
The U.S. possesses
sufficient and affordable
wind resources to obtain
at least 20% of its
electricity from wind by
the year 2030.

Job Projections Under 20% Report
Over 500,000
total jobs
would be
supported by
the wind
industry

In 2008, wind
industry
added 35,000
new jobs
Source: U.S. DOE, 20% Wind Energy by 2030
Wind Project Development
46 states
would have
wind
development
by 2030
under the
20% Vision
Source: U.S. DOE, 20% Wind Energy by 2030
Domestically Manufactured Components
Domestically Mfg Components
Inported Components
2005
2008
~25% domestic components
~2,500 MW installed
~1,500 turbines installed

~50% domestic components
~8,500 MW installed
~5,300 turbines installed
Domestically Mfg Components
Inported Components
There has been a dramatic shift towards domestic
manufacturing for wind turbine components
2008
Current Manufacturing Capacity
There are well over 120 manufacturing
facilities for turbines and large components
currently online in the U.S.
U.S. manufacturers are producing all the
turbines components.
In 2005, about 30% of turbine & major
components were made in the U.S., but in
2008 domestically manufactured components
in turbines accounted for about 50% by value.
Turbine Manufacturers with a U.S. Presence
Acciona
Clipper
DeWind
Gamesa
GE Energy
Siemens
Suzlon
Vestas
Fuhrlander (Announced)
Global Wind Systems (Announced)
Nordex (Announced)
Nordic (Announced)



U.S. Manufacturing Locations
Over 40 U.S. states host more than 160 wind-
related manufacturing facilities

Wind manufacturing is spread across the
U.S. with major turbine manufacturers
operating in varied regions

With the growth in the industry, many states
have recently entered into the supply chain.
4
Primary States for Manufacturing
States with five or more major facilities
(online or announced):


California
Colorado
Iowa
Illinois
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Texas

Turbine Manufacturer Locations
Nordic
Fuhrlander
(announced)
Suzlon
Blades
only
Acciona,
Clipper
Gamesa
GE
Energy
GE Energy,
Continental
(announced)
Vestas
DeWind
Nordex, EWT,
Mitsubishi
(all announced)
Global Wind
Systems
(announced)
Siemens
(announced)
New U.S. Manufacturing Capacity
Between 1Q 2007 and 4Q 2008 (24 months),
there was significant growth in the
industrys manufacturing capacity.
19 new facilities online
31 announced facilities
21 announced facility expansions
A total of 71 facilities have come on-line,
been announced, or have expanded.

3
Market
Update
2009 Highlights
Nearly 10,000 MW installed in 2009

39% annual growth

Total installations now above 35 GW

Shattered all installation records thanks to the
Recovery Act

Turbine manufacturing is down compared to last
years levels

Need long-term policy certainty and market pull in
order to grow manufacturing sector


U.S. is World Leader in Wind Power
U.S. Wind Industry: 2009
Second year in a row adding over 40% of US capacity
W
i
n
d

M
W

I
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d


Total Installation in 4Q 2009:
4,041 MW

Total Installation in 2009:
9,922 MW



Total U.S. Installation through 4Q 2009:
35,159 MW


Source: American Wind Energy Association
Wind Power Installations by State
Top Ten States in 2009
Source: American Wind Energy Association
Top 10 Largest Wind Farms
State by State Installations (MW)
Source: American Wind Energy Association
Market Players

Turbines Installed in 2009: Acciona WP, Clipper,
DeWind, Fuhrlander, Gamesa, GE Energy,
Mitsubishi, Nordex, REpower, Siemens, Suzlon &
Vestas
The project developer list continues to diversify and
change with new developers increasing their activity
in 2009 and other developers decreasing market
activity.
Utility ownership of wind projects trending at similar
rates of 2008, more community-owned projects
Other Half of the Market: Manufacturing
The U.S. continues to add new manufacturing
facilities, but growth is down by a third:
38 online, announced or expanded manufacturing
facilities in 2009, compared to 58 facilities in 2009.

As new turbine orders continue to come in slowly,
some manufacturing production is running at
significantly decreased levels compared to 2008 due
to decreased demand and some excess supply.
Establishment of a long-term, stable market is still
the key to unleashing investment in manufacturing
capabilities in the U.S.
Countries are competing through policy for the wind
industry, wind manufacturing and jobs!



Major facilities online prior to 2008
All new online in 2008 - 2009
Announced facilities
U.S. Wind Manufacturing
Source: American Wind Energy Association; Updated Through 4Q2009
2008 Turbine Statistics
Turbine installed the
most in the U.S. in
2008 was the 1.5-MW
turbine. Average
turbine capacity is
1.67 MW
Turbine Components
Turbine Ranges
Occupational Safety and Health = Core
Value
Improve Worker Safety and Health
Support of Continuous Education and
Training of Employers and Employees in the
Wind Industry
Work Cooperatively with Regulating
Agencies to Ensure the Safety and Health for
All Workers

AWEA Safety and Health Committee
AWEA Safety and Health Committee
Created 3 years ago
Over 450 members participating
9 subcommittees and task forces
20-50 participants on each subcommittee
Monthly conference calls
Address the most pressing issues within the
industry



AWEA Safety and Health Committee
Steering Committee
Construction Safety Subcommittee
Manufacturing Safety Subcommittee
O&M Safety Subcommittee
Training and Education Subcommittee
Offshore Safety Subcommittee
Safety Survey Subcommittee
Confined Space Task Force
LOTO Task Force


Safety and Health Initiatives
Education and Understanding the Intricacies of
Development and the Sustainability of Wind
Generation Plants


Safety and Health Initiatives

Empowering Workers to be
Engaged and Take Ownership
in Worker Safety and Health
Programs





Safety and Health Initiatives
Collect and Monitor Injury, Illness,
and Fatality Data
Leading Indicators
Injuries, Illness, and Fatalities
What are the Causes
Where are the Accidents
Identify the High Hazard Areas
Develop Solutions to Eliminate or
Significantly Reduce Hazards
Identify High Risk Hazards

Falls
Emergency Rescue
Confined Space
Environmental Conditions


Training Initiatives
Create and Develop
Appropriate Safety and Health
Training Programs and
Educational Materials for All
Sectors of the Wind Industry
OSHA 10 Hour
OSHA 30 Hour
Supervisor
Emergency Rescue
Confined Space
Thank you!
More information :

Michele Myers
Manager, Labor, Health and Safety Policy
www.awea.org | 202-383-2500 | mmyers@awea.org








www.awea.org/events
109
Waste Management and Recycling
& Associated Workplace Hazards
Justin August, CIH
Covanta Energy Corporation

Largest Energy-from-Waste (EfW) operator in the
world
Global presence; local relationships
North America, Asia & Europe
4,000 employees

45 EfW and 8 biomass to electric facilities
Almost 10% of U.S. non-hydro renewable electricity
Over 6% of U.S post recycled waste disposal
400,000 tons of metal recycled each year


Lee County EfW, Florida
111
Renewable Energy

U.S. EPA states that Energy-from-Waste
produces electricity with less environmental
impact than almost any other source

25 States and the federal government defined EfW
as renewable

A new 2,000-3,000 ton/day facility
73 to 110 MW electricity

Converting Waste Into Clean Renewable Power
Helps Solve Three of the Nations Biggest Challenges
Climate Change One ton of trash reduces one ton of CO
2
eq
Energy Security Local renewable energy available 24/7
Creates Jobs Typical facility creates 1,000 construction jobs (3+ years)

Metal: 50 lbs
Power: 500-750 kWh
Ash: 10% of original volume
Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW): 1 ton
Energy-from-Waste is a specially designed energy generation facility that uses
household waste as fuel and helps solve some of societys big challenges
Energy-from-Waste reduces waste volumes by 90%
115
Economic Investment Green Jobs
1,600 ton per day facility
$450 million construction cost ~ 3 years of activity
300-500 direct construction jobs per year
~$31 million annual operating budget benefits local
economy
50 full time to operate facility
High paid jobs averaging more than $60K
State Income Tax and Host Community benefits
Goods and services purchased locally
Covanta - Industry Leader in VPP & EPA
EPA Environmental Performance Track
25 EPT Sites
VPP - Top 7 of all Companies
39 VPP Star Sites
VPP - Number of SGE/STM Participants
Top 4
VPP Sites (39)

Non-VPP Target Sites (13)

Mid-Con, CT
SECONN, CT
Bristol, CT
Wallingford, CT
Hempstead, NY
Huntington, NY
MacArthur, NY
Babylon, NY
Hudson Valley, NY
Essex, NJ
Union, NJ
WERC, NJ
Alexandria, VA
Fairfax, VA
Niagara, NY
Onondaga, NY

Harrisburg, PA
Delaware, PA
Lancaster, PA
Plymouth, PA
York, PA
Abington TS, PA
Kent, MI
Detroit, MI
Hennepin, MN
Indianapolis, IN
Marion, OR
BMP, CA
MLP, CA
POPI, CA
Stanislaus, CA
Delano, CA
Mendota, CA
Long Beach, CA

Honolulu, HI

Huntsville, AL
CFS-South
Southeastern, FL
Pasco, FL
Lake, FL
Lee, FL
Hillsborough, FL
Tulsa, OK
Covanta Facility OSHA VPP Status by OSHA Region
January 2010
Jonesboro, ME
West Enfield, ME
Haverhill, MA
SEMASS, MA
Springfield, MA
Pittsfield, MA
CFS-North
Montgomery, MD
Montgomery TS, MD
Covanta Safety Management Systems
Corporate
Technical Standards & Safety Steering Committee
WorkCare - Occupational Health Physicians for Injury Treatment and Exams
Regional
Audits: Snapshots, Corporate Audit Program
Providing Support to Implement Corporate HS Policies

Facility
Local Occupational Health Clinic / Mobile Exam Clinic
Near miss reports, Job Observations (JOBs), Job Safety Analyses,
Pre-job task briefings

The Covanta Safety Management and
Communication Pyramid
Daily Near miss reports, JOBs, Job Safety Analyses
(JSAs/JHAs), Pre-job task briefings, accident reviews w/Region &
Site
Weekly Tailgates, Staff calls with VP HS
Monthly Safety training, Field calls with Regional personnel,
training material planning calls
Quarterly Safety steering committee meetings, technical
standards meetings, field employee meetings, Snapshots
Semi-annually Performance reviews, safety metric
compensation
Annually Company-wide safety meeting, Trade presentations,
OSHA meetings
Safety and Health Program Management
Corporate Safety and Health Intranet Site
Mobile Equipment Safety
Safety Upgrades
Seatbelt Use
Focus on Leading Indicators
Internal Snapshot audits
Tracking/Trending Near-Miss events
Job Observations
Sharing of Best Practices

Modern Energy-from-Waste
125