TV System and

Transmission
Prasar Bharti New Delhi


Mohit Sharma
B.Tech ECE
V Sem
Analog TV
Analog TV encodes television picture and sound information and transmits it as an
analog signal.
Examples of analog television systems are:
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
Broadcasters using analog television systems encode the signals using NTSC, PAL or
SECAM encoding, and then modulate this encoded signal onto VHF or UHF carrier.
2
Analog TV Standards by Regions
3
NTSC - National Television System
Committee
NTSC signal is an interlaced video signal with
262.5 lines per field (525 scan lines per frame)
60 fields per second (30 frames per second)
4:3 aspect ratio
Out of these 525 scan lines
485 make up the visible raster (active lines)
The remaining 20 lines are blanked for vertical retrace
and synchronization.
Blanking pulses are inserted during the retrace
intervals to blank out retrace lines on CRT and Sync
pulses ensure that picture starts at the top left corner
of the receiving CRT.
4
PAL - Phase Alternate Line
PAL is an analog television system used in most
part of western Europe, most part of Asia and
other countries
It was developed in 1960s (in western Europe) to
overcome the weakness related to colour
reproduction that existed in NTSC.
PAL is also interlaced like NTSC. It consists of
625 lines per frame
50 fields per second (25 frames per second)
Both PAL and SECAM have better color
reproduction than NTSC.
5
SECAM - SEquential Couleur Avec
Memoire
SEquential Couleur Avec Memoire is French for "Sequential Color with
Memory
It is historically the first European color TV standard, developed in France in
1960s.
SECAM is also interlaced and consists of
625 lines per frame
50 fields per second (25 frames per second)


6
Summary of the Analog TV Standards
fps lines Band-
width
(MHz)
B&W
Mod.
Colour
Mod.
Audio
Mod.
NTSC 30 525 6 AM QAM FM
PAL 25 625 7-8 AM QAM FM
SECAM 25 625 7-8 AM FM FM
7
TV TRANSMITTER TYPES
(A) VERY LOW POWER TX (VLPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER
10 W , 50 W.

(B) LOW POWER Tx (LPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER LESS
THAN 1KW AND MORE THAN 50W .
( 100W , 300W , 500W )

(C) HIGH POWER Tx (HPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER 1KW AND ABOVE .
( 01KW , 10KW , 20KW, 30KW )

Digital TV Systems
Digital TV systems transmit audio and video by discrete signals (in contrast to analog
signals in analog TV systems)
Switching from analog to digital TV began in 2006 in Europe and as of late 2009, ten
countries have turned off their analog terrestrial broadcasting.
Two principle digital broadcasting systems are
ATSC (Advanced Television System Committee)
DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting
Other systems used are:
ISDB ( Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting)
DMB-T/H (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting)
9
Digital terrestrial TV systems by
regions
10
DVB-Digital Video Broadcast
DVB-T
DVB terrestrial system uses coded OFDM
(COFDM) which uses as many as 8000
independent carriers each transmitting data at
low rate.
It provides superior immunity to multipath
interference.
It has system variants that allow data rates from
4Mbit/s up to 24Mbit/s.



11
New Broadcasting Technologies
HDTV and DTV
Mobile TV
IPTV
Digital Radio
Emergency Broadcasting

Digital radio - productions
The few radio stations in Asia trying to turn the
news and production system digital. The
main features of the system are:
Text Editing
Audio Editing
Auto recording
Wire Service
Prompter for the news delivery
Archiving

Emergency Broadcasting

Radio and Television broadcasters are planning for more effective early
warning systems in the Asia-Pacific region by increasing the rate and
accuracy of information flows from meteorological and disaster
management organisations to broadcasters.
Earthquake
Seismograph
Earthquake Early Warning
relayed to public
0 5 10


Media organizations,
Emergency services , etc .
Meteorological
Agency
S
e
c
o
n
d
l
y

W
a
v
e
E
arthquake E
arly
W
arning

P
r
im
a
r
y
W
a
v
e
Computer generate Earthquake Early
Warning upon detection P wave
Data
Time from Earthquake Early Warning until arrival of S-wave
Sec. 1
Figure :Concept of Earthquake Early Warning
TV Studio
A television studio is an installation in which video productions take place,
either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition
of raw footage for post-production.
Studio hall is used for shooting various programs.
Artificial sets are created according to the requirement of program to be
shooted.





Overview of a TV Studio
Studio floor
A studio floor has the following characteristics and installations:
decoration and/or sets
professional video camera (sometimes one, usually several)
on pedestals
microphones
stage lighting rigs and the associated controlling equipment.
several video monitors for visual feedback from the
production control room (PCR)

It is a room separated from Studio by a glass wall. This is the place where the
commands and control of studio
lies. The production director,
the technical director etc. sits there,
during the production.
This is the place where control
consoles of Production Switcher,
Audio Mixer, Control of Robotic
Camera, Talk Back, number of
displays, VTRs etc are kept.

PRODUCTION-CONTROL ROOM

Master Control Room (MCR)


MCR is the final point before a signal is
transmitted for broadcast.

MCR include banks of video monitors,
satellite receivers, videotape machines,
video servers, transmission equipment, and,
computer broadcast automation equipment
for recording and playback of television programm.

It also controls on-air signal. It may include controls to play back programs, switch local or network
feeds, satellite feeds and monitors the transmitter.


Thankyou