1

BEX 17003
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 6(c)
2
LECTURE CONTENTS

6. COMPLEX NUMBER
7. PHASOR
8. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE
9. RLC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATE
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
CIRCUITS
3
Two important tools for the analysis of ac circuits complex numbers
and phasors
Phasors are a convenient, graphic way to represent sinusoidal voltages
and currents in terms of their magnitude and phase angle.









The complex number system is a means for expressing phasors
quantities and for performing mathematical operations with those
quantities.

INTRODUCTION
Phasor diagram
Sinusoidal waveform
4
6.6 COMPLEX NUMBER
Complex numbers allow mathematical operations with phasor
quantities and are useful in the analysis of ac circuits.
With the complex number system, we can add, subtract, multiply and
divide quantities that have both magnitude and angle (such as sine
wave).
The complex number z can be used to represent phasor quantities
either in rectangular form or polar form.



A phasor quantity contains both magnitude and angular position or
phase.
r z form Polar 2.
jy x z form, r Rectangula 1.



Z =
+ =
5
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Rectangular Form
To represent a complex
number, the complex plane is
used.
The horizontal axis is called
real axis, and the vertical axis
is called imaginary axis.
In electrical circuit work, a j
prefix is used to designate
numbers that lie on the
imaginary axis to
distinguish them from numbers
lying on the real axis.
-j
+j
+R
-R
Origin
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

j

a
x
i
s
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e

j

a
x
i
s
Positive real axis Negative real axis
6
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Rectangular Form
The rectangular form is represented
by the algebraic sum of real value (x)
of the coordinate and the j value (y) of
the coordinate.
General form :
z = x + jy
The phasor quantity is represented by
an arrow drawn from the origin to the
coordinate point in the complex plane.
-j
+j
1+j2
-2-j5
5-j3
-3+j3
7
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Example 1
Coordinate points on complex plane.
z = x + jy
Mathematically, the j operator
has a value of
If j is multiplied by j

1
2
j jxj =
( )
2
1 =
1 =
z = -6+7j
z = 2 -5j
z = -3 -3j
z = 6 +3j
- j
+ j
+ 4
+ 6 , j 3
- 8
- 3 , - j 3
2 , - j 5
- j 6
- 6 , j 7
8
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Polar Form
Angular positions can be represented
on the complex plane.
Positive real axis represents zero
degrees.
The +j axis represent 90 degrees.
The negative real axis represents
180 degrees.
The j axis represents 270 degrees,
and
Full rotation of 360 degrees is back to
positive real axis.
-j
+j
0
0
/ 360
0
90
0

180
0

270
0

Angles on the complex plane.
1st quadrant
2
nd
quadrant
3rd quadrant
4
th
quadrant
9
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Polar Form
The phasor quantity also can be
expressed in polar form, which
consists of the phasor magnitude (r)
and the angular position relative to
real axis .
) (u
-j
+j
0
45
0
120
0
30
0
110
0
120 5Z
0
45 3Z
0
30 8 Z
0
110 4 Z
u Z = r z
2 2
y x r + =
x
y
1
tan

= u
10
# For every phasor expressed in polar form,
there is also an equivalent expression in
rectangular form and vice versa.

1. Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Form
2. Conversion from Polar to Rectangular Form

Conversion
11
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
-j
+j
0
0
/ 360
0
90
0

180
0

270
0

Conversion rectangular to polar form:
quadrant) (4th , tan 360 tan ,
quadrant) (3rd , tan 180 ,
quadrant) (2nd , tan 180 ,
quadrant) (1st , tan ,
1 1
1
1
1
x
y
x
y) (
x
y
x
y
x
y
- -
-
-
-
jy x z
jy x z
jy x z
jy x z
+ =

= =
+ = =
= + =
= + =
Considering the value of x and y are positive
value will be positive.
12
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Conversion rectangular to polar form:
quadrant) (4th tan ,
quadrant) (3rd , tan 180 ,
quadrant) (2nd , tan 180 ,
quadrant) (1st , tan ,
1
1
1
1
x
y) (
x -
y -
x -
y
x
y

= =
+ = =
+ = + =
= + =
-
-
-
-
jy x z
jy x z
jy x z
jy x z
For 1
st
and 2
nd
quadrant, is positive
For 3
rd
and 4
th
quadrant, is negative
13
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Relationship between rectangular form and polar form
The relationship between the rectangular form and the polar form is shown
below.
-j
+j
z
x
r
y
Real axis
u
2 2
y x r + =
x
y
1
tan

= u
Then, x and y can be obtained as
u u sin cos r y r x = =
Thus, z can be written as
) sin (cos u u u j r r jy x z + = Z = + =
14
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
) 2 / ( : root Square
) (
1 1
: Reciprocal
) ( : Division
) ( : tion Multiplica
) ( ) ( : on Substracti
) ( ) ( : Addition
important are operations following the
,

numbers complex Given the
sin cos
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
u
u
u u
u u
u u
u
u
Z =
Z =
Z =
+ Z =
+ =
+ + + = +
Z = + = Z = + =
Z = + =
+ = + = Z =
r z
r z
r
r
z
z
r r z z
y y j x x z z
y y j x x z z
r jy x z r jy x z
r jy x z
) j r( z jy x z r z
For complex
number,
Addition and
subtraction are
better performed
in rectangular
form,
multiplication and
division are better
performed in
polar form,

15
PHASORS
For a sinusoidal voltage of the form
we define the phasor as
Therefore, we define phasor of a sinusoid is a complex
number having a magnitude equals to the amplitude and
the same phase angle as the sinusoid.
If the sinusoid is in the form of
we have to convert into
Thus, the phasor are defined as

Similarly, for sinusoidal currents i
1
(t) and i
2
(t)

they can be expressed in phasor form
( ) ( ) t sin t v
2 2
+ =V
( ) ( )
1 1 1
t cos V t v + =
1 1
V Z =
1
V
( ) ( ) + = 90
2 2 2
t cos V t v
Z = 90
2 2 2
V V
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1
t sin I t i and t cos I t i + = + =
Z = Z = 90
2 2 2 1 1 1
I and I I I
16
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
64 30 71 25 50 sin 50 cos 40 50 40
sin cos
:
50 40
. j . ) j (
jy x z ) j r( z r z
Solution
+ = + = Z =
+ = + = Z =
Z =
V

V a)
form rs rectangula to polars these 1.Convert
1
1
u
Example 2
10 32 17 ) 30 sin( ) 30 cos( 20 30 20
sin cos
:
30 20
j . ) j (
jy x z ) j r( z r z
Solution
= + = Z =
+ = + = Z =
Z =
V

V b)
2
2
u
17
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Example 3
Find VTotal


0
120 10Z
0
30 6Z
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
0
30 8 Z
0
130 4 Z
V V
T
0
27 . 45 47 . 6 Z =
u
Phasor representation
Sine waves with the
same frequency
18
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
66 . 8 5
66 . 8 120 sin 10 , 5 120 cos 10
120 10
sin , cos
sin cos
j
y x
r y r x
) j r( z jy x z r z
+ =
= = = =
Z =
= =
+ = + = Z =
1
1
V

V (1)
where

form r rectangula to form polar Convert : Step1
u u
u
form) (Polar V
( ( y x r
polarform to form r rectangula back Convert : 2 Step
2 2 2 2
Z =
= = = =
= = + = + =

29 . 45 47 . 6
29 . 45 ) 01 . 1 ( tan )
56 . 4
60 . 4
( tan ) ( tan
47 . 6 85 . 41 ) 60 . 4 ) 56 . 4
1 1 1
TOTAL
x
y
u
3 20 . 5
3 30 sin 6 , 20 . 5 30 cos 6
30 6
j
y x
+ =
= = = =
Z =
2
2
V

V (2)
0
120 10Z
0
30 6Z
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
0
30 8 Z
0
130 4 Z
V V
T
0
29 . 45 47 . 6 Z =
) ( 60 . 4 56 . 4
06 . 3 57 . 2
06 . 3 ) 130 sin( 4 , 57 . 2 ) 130 cos( 4
130 4
4 1
form r rectangula V V
V

V (4)
4
4
j
j
y x
TOTAL
+ = =
=
= = = =
Z =

4 93 . 6
4 ) 30 sin( 8 , 93 . 6 ) 30 cos( 8
30 8
j
y x
=
= = = =
Z =
3
3
V

V (3)
19
COMPLEX NUMBER cont..
Z = + = +
+ + + = +
= + = Z =
+ = + = Z =
+ = + = Z =
Z + Z
63 25 72 47 64 . 20 03 . 43
) ( ) (
10 32 17 ) 30 sin( ) 30 cos( 20 30 20
64 30 71 25 50 sin 50 cos 40 50 40
sin cos
:
30 20 50 40
2 1 2 1 2 1
. . j
y y j x x z z
j . ) j (
. j . ) j (
jy x z ) j r( z r z
Solution
2 1
2
1
V V
V
V

a)
numbers complex these 1.Evaluate

u
Z =

Z =
Z = Z + Z
Z =
Z + Z
81 . 12 91 . 6 )
2
63 25
( 72 47
63 25 72 47 30 20 50 40
) 2 / (
:
) 30 20 50 40
2
1
.
.
. .
r z
Solution

( b)

Example 4
Z =
+ Z = Z Z
+ Z =
Z Z
20 800
)) 30 ( 50 ( ) 20 40 ( ) 30 20 ( ) 50 40 (
) (
:
) 30 20 ( ) 50 40 ( d)
2 1 2 1 2 1
r r z z
Solution

Z = Z =
Z
Z

Z =
Z
Z
80 2 )) 30 ( 50 (
20
40
30 20
50 40
) (
:
30 20
50 40
2 1
2
1
2
1

r
r
z
z
Solution

c)
20
6.7 PHASORS
A phasor is a complex number that represents
the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
Sinusoid-phasors transformation.
Time domain representation Phasor domain representation
) cos(
1
t V V
m
e =
0
1
0 Z =
m
V V
) cos(
2
u e + = t V V
m
) sin(
3
u e + = t V V
m
u Z =
m
V V
2
o
m
V V 90
3
Z = u
21
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements (capacitor)
Capacitor


Current leads the voltage in phase by 90
0

dt
dv
C i =
22
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements (capacitor)
C C
C
S S
C
jX or X as written is and
magnitude its to attached angle a has always X
I
V
I
V
X
Z

Z =
Z
Z
=
0
0
0
0
0
90
90 *
90
90
0
0
90 IZ
0
90 Z
s
V
Analysis of capacitive AC circuits

In capacitive ac circuits, the current leads the voltage by 90
0.

If the applied voltage is assigned a reference phase angle of
zero, it can be expressed in polar form as Vs <0
0

The resulting current can be expressed in polar form as
or in rectangular form as jI.

ce reac capacitive
C
X
C
tan ;
1
e
=
23
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements (inductor)


Inductor
dt
di
L V
ind
=
Voltage leads the current by 90
0
24
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements (inductor)
L L
L
S S
L
jX or X as written is and magnitude its
to attached angle a has always X
I
V
I
V
X
0
0
0
0
0
90
90 *
90
90
0
Z
Z
|
.
|

\
|
=
Z
Z
=
Analysis of inductive ac circuits

The current lags the voltage by 90
0
in inductive ac circuits.
If the applied voltage is assigned a reference phase angle of 0
0
,
it can be expressed in polar form as Vs<0
0
.
The resulting current can be expressed in polar form as I<-90
0

or rectangular form as jI.
ce reac inductive L X
L
tan ; e =
25
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements


Summary of voltage-current relationship
Element Time domain
Frequency domain
C j dt
dv
C i C
L j
dt
di
L v L
R Ri v R
e
e
I
V
I V
I V
= =
= =
= =
26
Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements
Example 6
The voltage is applied to a 0.1 H inductor. Find the
current through the inductor.


) 45 60 cos( 12
0
+ = t v
Solution
For the inductor, where and
Hence,
A
x j L j
V
I
0
0
0 0
45 2
90 6
45 12
1 . 0 60
45 12
Z =
Z
Z
=
Z
= =
e
Converting to the time domain,
A t t i ) 45 60 cos( 2 ) (
0
=
LI j V e =
s rad / 60 = e V V
0
45 12Z =
27
The impedance Z, of the circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to the
phasor current I, measured in ohm.
6.8 IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE
C j
L j R
e
e
I
V , I V , I V = = =
The impedance Z is expressed as
I
V
Z =
Z
V
I
+ -
In the preceding section, we obtained the voltage-current relations
for the three passive elements as
These equations may be written in terms of the ratio of the phasor voltage
to the phasor current as
C j
L j R
e
e
1
I
V
,
I
V
,
I
V
= = =
28
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE cont..
The impedance consist of the real component (resistance, R) and imaginary
component (reactance, X).


The total impedance connected in series is
n T
Z Z Z Z Z + + + + = ......
3 2 1
The total impedance connected in parallel is
n T
Z Z Z Z Z
1
......
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
29
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE cont..
R Z
R
=
L L
jX L j Z = = e
fL L X
L
t e 2 = =
C c
jX
C j
Z = =
e
1
fC C
X
C
t e 2
1 1
= =
For resistor
For capacitor
For inductor
30
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE cont..
C
jX =
The admittance Y, is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in siemens (S).
The admittance Y of the element is the ratio of the phasor current to the phasor
voltage.


The admittance of the passive elements is expressed as
V
I
Z
Y = =
1
C j Y
L j
Y
R
Y e
e
= = =
1 1
L
jX
1
=
jB G Y + = In complex quantity,
Where,
jX R
jB G
+
= +
1
31
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE cont..
The total admittance connected in series is
n T
Y Y Y Y Y + + + + = ......
3 2 1
The total admittance connected in parallel is
n T
Y Y Y Y Y
1
......
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
32
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE cont..
Example 7

Find the total impedance for the
following circuit.
O 8O 6 F 600 F 300 mH 10mH 20 A t i(t) 377 sin 30 =
O = = =
=
+
=
O =


=

= =
= + =
= O =
+

=
=

5 . 2 ) 10 67 . 6 )( 377 (
67 . 6
10 20
) 10 )( 20 (
95 . 2
10 900 377
900 600 300
43 . 3
6 8
6 8
/ 377
:
3
6
j j jX Z
mH
m m
m m
L
j
j
C
j
jX Z
F F F C
Z R
s rad
Solution
L L
parallel
c c
parallel
R parallel
e

e
O + =
O Z =
Z
=
Z =
= + =

+ + = + + =
) 68 . 0 31 . 3 (
69 . 11 38 . 3
69 . 11 296 . 0
1
69 . 11 296 . 0
06 . 0 29 . 0 34 . 0 4 . 0 29 . 0
95 . 2
1
5 . 2
1
43 . 3
1 1 1 1 1
j
S
Z
S
j j j
j j Z Z Z Z
T
C L R T
impedance Total
O 8 O 6
F 600 F 300 mH 10 mH 20
A t i(t) 377 sin 30 =
33
The triangle impedance represent the relationship between resistance,
reactance and impedance.

TRIANGLE IMPEDANCE
Inductive Impedance
L j R jX R Z
L
e + = + =
Where
0 0
90 ; 0 Z = Z =
L
X L j R R e
Z
R
L j X
L
e =
u
( )
2
2
L R Z e + =
R
L e
u
1
tan

=
34
TRIANGLE IMPEDANCE
Capacitive Impedance
C
j
R jX R Z
C
e
= =
Where
0 0
90 ; 0 Z =

Z =
C
X
C
j
R R
e
2
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
C
R Z
e
CR e
u
1
tan
1
=
Z
R
C
X
C
e
1
=
u
35
a) Series RL Circuit
.


6.9 RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
The equivalent impedance
L j R jX R Z
L
e + = + =
Where
R
L
and
L R Z
e
|
e
1
2 2
tan
) (

=
+ =
From Ohm Law
IZ V =
L R
V V
L jI IR
L j R I
+ =
+ =
+ =
e
e ) (
v ( t )
i (
t
)
R
L
I
R
V
R
L j
e
0
0
Z
rms
V
V
l
36
b) Parallel RL Circuit
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
The equivalent impedance
L j R
L j R
Z
e
e
+
=
) (
From Ohm Law
) ( L j R
L j R
V I
e
e +
=
R L
I I
R
V
L
jV
+ =
+

=
e
v(t)
i(t)
R L
I
R L je
0
0 Z
rms
V
37
Exercise 1
Voltage v(t)= 200 sin (500t+60) V supplied to the parallel circuit below.
Find the current i(t).
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
v ( t )
i ( t )
R L
5
20mH
Answer: i(t)= 44.74sin(500t+33.43) A
38
c) Series RC Circuit
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
The equivalent impedance
|
.
|

\
|
= =
C
j
R jX R Z
C
e
From Ohm Law
IZ V =
C R
V V
C
jI
R I
C
j
R I
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
e
v(t)
i(t)
R
C
I
R
V
R
C je
1
0
0 Z
rms
V
V
C
Where
RC
and
C
R Z
e
|
e
1
tan
1
1
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
39
d) Parallel RC Circuit
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
The equivalent impedance
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
C
j R
C
R
j
Z
e
e
1
From Ohm Law
jR
j C
V I

=
e
R C
I I
R
V
CV j
+ =
+ = e
v(t)
i(t)
R C
I
R
C je
1
0
0 Z
rms
V
40
Exercise 2
Calculate the total impedance of a series RC circuit if R=27, C=0.005 uF,
and the source frequency =1 kHz.
RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
Answer: ZT =31.8 k
41
e) RLC Circuit in Series
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
From Ohm Law
IZ V =
( )
) (
C L R
C L
V V j V
IX IX j IR
+ =
+ =
v(t)
i(t)
R
C
I
R
V
R
C je
1
0
0 Z
rms
V
V
C
L
L je
L
The equivalent impedance
C L
jX jX R Z + =
where
( )
( )
R
X X
and
X X R Z
C L
C L

=
+ =
1
2
2
tan |
42
f) RLC Circuit in Parallel
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
The equivalent impedance
C L
jX jX R Z
1 1 1 1
+ =
Therefore
v(t)
i(t)
R
C
I
R
c
jX
0
0 Z
rms
V
L L je
) )( ( ) ( ) (
)( (
)
C L C L
C L
jX jX jX R jX R
jX jX R
Z
+ +

=
C L C L
C L
X X jRX jRX
X RX
+
=
43
RLC Circuit in Parallel
.


RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
From Ohm Law
IZ V =
C L
C L C L
X RX
X X jRX jRX V
Z
V
I
) ( +
= =
R L C
L C
I jI jI
R
V
X
jV
X
jV
+ =
+ =
44
Exercise 3
Determine v0(t) in the circuit below.
RLC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS cont..
v ( t )
i ( t )
60
10mF 5H
v0
+
-
=20 cos (4t-15)
Answer: v0(t)= 17.15 cos (4t + 15.96) V