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Router
Router
Router
Router Router
What is
an optimal
route ?
Switch
Switch
Network Protocols
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Routed Protocols
(Carriers)
Protocols used at the network layer that transfer data from one
host to another across a router are called routed or routable protocols.
The Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell's Internetwork Packet
Exchange (IPX) are examples of routed protocols.
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Routing Protocols
Routing protocols includes processes for sharing route information
& allows routers to communicate with other routers to update and
maintain the routing tables
Examples of routing protocols that support the IP routed protocol
are: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, BGP, and EIGRP.
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Introducing Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward
the destination network.
A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address of a
packet.
All devices along the way use the destination IP address to point the
packet in the correct direction.
In order to make the correct decisions, routers must learn the
direction to remote networks.
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All Routers Ethernet interface should be in the same Network
as of their LAN Network.
Both Routers connected Serial interfaces should be in same
network.
All Routers LANs should be in different Network.
All Connected interfaces of Router should be in different
network.
Rules of Routing
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Static Routing
It is configured manually by Administrator.
It is Secure & fast.
Require Destination Network ID for configuration
Administrative distance for Static Route is
0 (directly connected) and 1 (Next Hop).
Administrative Distance (AD) is the trustworthiness of the routing
information. The administrative distance is an optional parameter that
gives a measure of the reliability of the route.
Administrative Distance range is 0-255, lesser the Administrative distance,
higher the priority
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Configuring Static Routes
(Outgoing Interfaces)
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Administrative work is more.
Compulsory Destination Network IDs is needed.
Used for only Small organizations.
It cannot dynamically update topology changes.
Disadvantages of Static
Routing
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A Default routing protocol is configured for unknown
destinations.
Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that
do not match any of the other routes in the routing table.
Generally used in the internet where the destinations are
unknown.
Configured at end points of the Domain Area.
This is sometimes referred to as a Quad-Zero route.
It is the last preferred routing.
Default Routing
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Default Routing - Network Diagram
E0
192.168.1.1/24
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
E0
192.168.2.1/24
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
E0
192.168.3.1/24
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
10.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
10.0.0.2/8
11.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
11.0.0.2/8
HYD CHE BAN
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0
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Advertise only the directly connected networks.
Updates the topology changes dynamically.
Administrative work is reduced.
Used in medium & large networks.
Dynamic Routing
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Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two
categories:

Distance Vector
Link-State
Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)

The Distance Vector routing approach determines the distance
(Hop Count) and direction (vector) to any link in the internetwork.

The Link-State approach, also called shortest path first, recreates
the exact topology of the entire internetwork.
Categories of
Dynamic Routing Protocols
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Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Classfull routing protocol.
Full Routing tables are exchanged at every periodic
Update interval.
Distribution of Routing Tables (Updates) via broadcast to
adjacent routers.
Only one kind of metric:Number of Hops.
Maximum network size is limited by the number of hops.
Also known as Routing By Rumor
Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.
Distance Vector Protocol
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Uses Dijkstras algorithm.
Classless routing protocol.
First time full Database tables are exchanged, later only
changed link state information is exchanged.
Incremental Updates.
Updates are sent through multicast IP address-224.0.0.5/6
Also known as Routing by Intelligence
Example : OSPF, IS-IS.
Link State Protocols
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Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm)
Classless routing protocols
Missing routes / Incremental updates are exchanged
Updates are sent through multicast IP address
Also known as Routing by Intelligence
Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2
Hybrid Protocols
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Open Standard Protocol
Classfull routing protocol (permits only a Single Subnet Mask)
By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds using
address - 255.255.255.255
Administrative distance is 120
Hop count is used as a metric for path selection.
If the hop count is greater than 15(Infinity=16),the packet will be
discarded
Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths)
Used for small networks
Routing Information Protocol
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Routing Loop Issues
What can cause routing loops?
Routing loops can occur when there are:
Incorrect or inconsistent routing updates due to slow convergence after a topology change.
Incorrect or incomplete routing information .
Static routes incorrectly configured with an intermediate address which does not become resolved in the
routing table.
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Problem:
Counting to Infinity
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Solution:
Define a Maximum
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Solution:
Split Horizon
Split horizons
Split horizons are derived from the premise that it is usually not
useful to send information about a route back in the direction from
which it came.
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Route Poisoning
Route Poisoning
Route poisoning is used by various distance vector protocols in
order to overcome large routing loops and offer explicit information
when a subnet or network is not accessible.
This is usually accomplished by setting the hop count to one more
than the maximum.
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Triggered Updates

A triggered update is sent immediately in response to some
change in the routing table.

The router that detects a topology change immediately sends an
update message to adjacent routers that, in turn, generate
triggered updates notifying their adjacent neighbors of the
change.

When a route or link fails, an update is sent immediately rather
than waiting on the update timer to expire.

Triggered updates, used in conjunction with route poisoning,
ensure that all routers know of failed routes before any holddown
timers can expire.
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Holddown Timers
Holddowns
Holddowns are used to prevent regular update messages from
inappropriately reinstating a route that may not be up.
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Route update timer : Periodic routing updates, in which the router
sends a complete copy of its routing table out to all neighbors (30
seconds).

Route invalid timer: Determines the length of time that must elapse
before a router determines that a route has become invalid (180
seconds).

Holddown timer: This sets the amount of time during which routing
information is suppressed. Routes will enter into the holddown state
and continues until either an update packet is received with a better
metric or until the holddown timer expires (180 seconds.).

Route flush timer: Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and
its removal from the routing table (240 seconds).
RIP Timers
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THE END