SPECTROSCOPY: AN

INTRODUCTION
Forensic Science
Course: Instrumental Methods-Physical
Dr. PRATEEK PANDYA
Spectroscopy: Why do we need
it?
Small amount of Samples
Identify elements: Toxic metals|As, Hg, etc
Identify compounds: Drugs, adulterants
Quantitation
Research: Inter-molecular interactions
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Spectroscopy: Avenues
Forensic Analysis: Various Divisions|
Chemistry, Toxicology
Pharmaceutical companies|
R&D, Quality Control
Research & Development
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Spectroscopy: Types
UV-Vis spectroscopy:
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
spectroscopy
AAS (atomic absorption) & IRS (infer-red)
Raman Spectroscopy
X-ray
NMR
Mass
NAA
DSC

Dr. Prateek Pandya
The spectrum
Studied spectrum of light
Sunlight spectrum

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The spectrum
Solar Spectrum
Fraunhofer: Discontinuous
spectra

Dr. Prateek Pandya
H
2
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Dr. Prateek Pandya
visible light region consists of a spectrum of
wavelengths that range from approximately
700 nm to 400 nm [7 x 10
-7
meter to 4 x 10
-
7
meter]
Energy-Matter Interaction
Different spectroscopic techniques use different
frequencies of light
Electrons jump to higher levels: absorb energy
Electrons return to normal level: release energy
Electromagnetic radiation/light

Dr. Prateek Pandya
Energy-Matter Interaction
Absorbs energy

Absorption
Spectroscopy
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Excited State
Ground State
Energy-Matter Interaction
Release energy

Emission
Spectroscopy
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Excited State
Ground State
Energy-Matter Interaction
Lithium Flame




Barium Flame
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Energy-Matter Interaction
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Beer-lambert law
the absorbance of radiation at a given
frequency is proportional to both the distance
the radiation travels through a specimen and
the concentration of the species that absorbs
the radiation.



Dr. Prateek Pandya
Beer-lambert law
the light used must be monochromatic
the concentrations must be low
the solution must be neither fluorescent or
heterogeneous
the solute must not undergo to photochemical
transformations
the solute must not undertake variable associations
with the solvent.
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Concentration calculation
Calibration curve
Known sample of known concentrations
Straight line curve
Plot Concentration vs Absorbane

Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation: Overview
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation- Sample
Compartment
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Instrumentation- Sample
Cell/Cuvette
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Instrumentation
Light Source
tungsten-halogen: wavelength range from 300-900
nm
deuterium arc lamp, which has a continuous spectrum
below 400 nm

Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Monochromator
A monochromator ("single colour") is used to select
the wavelength at which an absorption
measurement is to be made.
a prism, or a diffraction grating

Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Monochromator

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Instrumentation
Detector
Photomultiplier tubes
Photodiodes
Charge-coupled Device (CCD)


Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Photomultiplier Tube
A PMT consists of a photocathode and a series of
dynodes in an evacuated glass enclosure.

Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Photodiode
When a photon strikes a semiconductor, it can
promote an electron from the valence band to the
conduction band creating an electron(-) - hole(+)
pair.
The concentration of these electron-hole pairs is
dependent on the amount of light striking the
semiconductor.
Photovoltaic detectors contain a p-n junction that
causes the electron-hole pairs to separate to
produce a voltage that can be measured.
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Charge-coupled Device (CCD)
A CCD is an integrated-circuit chip that contains
an array of capacitors (silicon photosensors) that
store charge when light creates electron-hole
pairs. The charge accumulates and is read in a
fixed time interval.
Dr. Prateek Pandya
Instrumentation
Data Aquisision
earliest instruments simply directly connected the
amplified detector signal to a chart recorder.
Computer.
Dr. Prateek Pandya