b6 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Ieee1173

IEEE Rural Electric 2009
Testing Numerical Transformer

Differential Relays
Steve Turner
Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Commissioning versus Maintenance Testing

Types of Transformer Differential Protection:
Restrained Phase Differential
High Set Phase Differential
Ground Differential
INTRODUCTION
Topics:
Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
INTRODUCTION
Commissioning

Common Practice:
Test all numerical relay settings
verify settings properly entered
Easily facilitated using computer
automate test set & store results
Hundreds of tests are possible
numerical relays have many settings

Commissioning

Final Goal
Ensure the transformer is properly protected
for the particular application
R
G
46
Typical Distribution Transformer
46: Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element
(sees ground faults through bank)
R
G
: Grounding Resistor
(Industrial Load)

R
G
46
E
+
Z
T
Z
T
Z
T
3R
G
46
I
2
Sensitive setting for ground fault -
overreach for phase-to-phase fault

Transformer Differential Characteristic
Boundary Test
I
2
I
1
87
Y Y
Y
Y
I
1
= Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

I
2
3 elements per function (A, B & C-phase)

* Simulate Through Current

Differential Characteristic
Operating Equations
I
d
= |I
1
I
2
|, Differential Current
I
r
= |I
1
| + |I
2
|, Restraint Current
2

I
d
I
r
Minimum
Pickup
(per unit)
X
Y
% =
Y
X
*100%

I
d
I
r
Minimum
Pickup

Matrix
I
d
I
r
[ ]
=
1 -1

[ ]
*
I
1
I
2
[ ]

Inverted Matrix
I
1
I
2
[ ]
=
1
- 1
[ ]
*
I
d
I
r
[ ]

Test Current Equations
I
1
= 0.5*I
d
+ I
r
, Winding 1 Test Current (per unit)
I
2
= -0.5*I
d
+ I
r
, Winding 2 Test Current (per unit)
Test Points
I
d
I
r
Minimum
Pickup
Minimum Pickup = 0.2 per unit
Slope = 28.6%
1 2
3
4
Test Points (Per Unit)
I
d
I
r
I
1
I
2
1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6

0.4 1.4 1.6 1.2

0.6 2.0 2.3 1.7
2
3
4
TABLE 1
Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic
I
2
I
1
87
Y
Y
Y
I
1

I
2
3 elements per relay (A, B & C-phase)

* Simulate Through Current
DAB
(Relay Internally Compensates Test Currents)
I
A1
relay
= I
A1
/TAP1
DAB WINDING
I
B1
relay
= I
B1
/TAP1
I
C1
relay
= I
B1
/TAP1
I
A2
relay
= (I
A2
- I
B2
)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
WYE WINDING
I
B2
relay
= (I
B2
- I
C2
)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))

I
C2
relay
= (I
C2
- I
A2
)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
TAP# =
MVA#
kV#
LL
*CTR#*SQRT(3)
(Single-Phase Test for A-Phase Element)
I
d
I
r
I
1
I
2

0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
2
From TABLE 1:
I
A1
= I
1
*TAP1
I
A2
= I
2
*TAP2*SQRT(3)
I
A1
test
= 0.8*TAP1
I
A2
test
= 0.6*TAP2*SQRT(3)
Ground Differential Element
Sensitivity Test
Directionality

(I
0
vs. I
G
)
Ground Fault Location along Windings
Directional Element
+90
o
-90
o
I
G I
0
Disabled if |3I
0
| less than 140 mA
(Improves Security for CT saturation during external faults)
Internal External
Pickup
Operate When:
|3I
0
I
G
| > Pickup
Sensitivity Test
Power System Parameters:
Source Impedance (Varies)
X
T
= 10%
R
F
(Varies)
Ground Fault Location (5% from Transformer Neutral)
87GD Sensitivity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source Impedance
F
a
u
l
t

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
IG = 200 mA IG = 500 mA IG = 1 Amp
R
F
Coverage vs. Source Strength
Pickup Setting
Cold Load Pickup
Reclosing into Single-Phase Load
Pickup > Unbalance
Directional Element Disabled if 3I
0
Low
I
G
R
I
G2
= 0.3 Amps @ 177
o
3I
0
(2)
= 0.136 Amps @ 58
o
(Threshold = 0.14 Amps)
|CTCF*3I
0
(2)
I
G2
| = 0.75 Amps

Original Pickup = 0.3 Amps
I
G2
CTCF*3I
0
(2)
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
I
OP
New Pickup = 1.0 Amps
Directional Element
Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush
COMTRADE PLAYBACK
Waveform Sources:
Events from Numerical Relays
Events from Digital Fault Recorders
Simulate using Transient Software
Traditional Approach
2
nd
Harmonic Restraint
Cross Phase Blocking
Auto-Transformer Model
wye wye
delta
13.2 kV
345 kV

230 kV
W
1
W
2

W
3

600 MVA Auto-Transformer (Tertiary Winding DAC)
Auto-transformer Characteristics
Z
HM
= 0.01073 per unit
Z
HL
= 0.04777 per unit
Z
ML
= 0.03123 per unit
2
ML HL HM
Z Z Z
= 0.0140 per unit
2
HL ML HM
Z Z Z
= -0.0029 per unit
2
HM ML HL
Z Z Z
CTR
W1
= 1200:5 (wye connected)
CTR
W2
= 2000:5 (wye connected)
Z
H
=
Z
M
=
Z
L
=
= 0.0340 per unit
TAP1 =
600 MVA
345 kV * 240 * SQRT(3)
TAP2 =
600 MVA
230 kV * 400 * SQRT(3)
= 4.18
= 3.77
Minimum Pickup* = 0.5 per unit
Slope = 25%
*Original Pickup = 0.45 per unit
Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux
Total Phase Current
2
nd
Harmonic Phase Current
Even Harmonic Restraint

I
even
= (I
2
2
+ I
4
2
)
1/2
4
th
Harmonic Phase Current
A-Phase Current (Winding 2)
CONCLUSIONS
Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
CONCLUSIONS
QUESTIONS

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IEEE Rural Electric 2009

Testing Numerical Transformer

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