Electricity & Magnetism

FE Review
Voltage
dw
v
dq
=
joule
( )
coulomb
J
V volts
C
= =
Current
dq
i
dt
=
coulomb
( )
second
C
A amperes
s
= =
Power
dw dw dq
p vi
dt dq dt
= = =
joule
( )
second
J
W watts
s
= =
1 V 1 J/C
1 J of work must be done to
move a 1-C charge through
a potential difference of 1V.
Point Charge, Q
Experiences a force F=QE in the presence of electric field E
(E is a vector with units volts/meter)

Work done in moving Q within the E field



E field at distance r from charge Q in free space




Force on charge Q
1
a distance r from Q



Work to move Q
1
closer to Q


1
r
0
W d =
}
F r
r
2
0
Q
4 r tc
=
a
E
12
0
r
8.85 10 F/m (permittivity of free space)
unit vector in direction of
c

=
= a E
1 r
1
2
0
Q Q
Q
4 r tc
= =
a
F E
2
1
r
1 1
r r
2
0 0 2 1 r
Q Q Q Q 1 1
W dr
4 r 4 r r tc tc
| |
= =
|
\ .
}
a a
Parallel Plate Capacitor
0
Q
E
A c
=
Electric Field between Plates
Q=charge on plate
A=area of plate

0
=8.85x10
-12
F/m
0
Qd
V Ed
A c
= =
0
A
C
d
c
=
Potential difference (voltage) between the plates
Capacitance
Resistivity
L L
R
A A

o
= =
L = length
A = cross-sectional area
= resistivity of material
= conductivity of material

o
Example: Find the resistance of a 2-m copper wire if the wire has a diameter of 2 mm.
8
Cu
2 10 m

= O
( )
2
2
A r 0.001 t t = =
( )( )
( )
8
2
2
2
2 10 m 2m
L
R 1.273 10 12.73 m
A
0.001 m

O
= = = O = O
Resistor
v Ri =
Power absorbed



2
2
v
p vi Ri
R
= = =
Energy dissipated



one period
w p dt p dt = =
} } Parallel Resistors
Series Resistors
p
1 2 3 4
1
R
1 1 1 1
R R R R
=
+ + +
s 1 2 3 4
R R R R R = + + +
Capacitor
( )
t t
0
dv
i C
dt
1 1
v i d v 0 i d
C C

=
= = +
} }
Stores Energy



2
1
w Cv
2
=
Parallel Capacitors
Series Capacitors
p 1 2 3 4
C C C C C = + + +
s
1 2 3 4
1
C
1 1 1 1
C C C C
=
+ + +
Inductor
( )
t t
0
di
v L
dt
1 1
i v d i 0 v d
L L

=
= = +
} }
Stores Energy



2
1
w Li
2
=
Parallel Inductors
Series Inductors
p
1 2 3 4
1
L
1 1 1 1
L L L L
=
+ + +
s 1 2 3 4
L L L L L = + + +
KVL Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
The sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero.
KCL Kirchhoffs Current Law
The sum of the currents leaving a node is zero.
Voltage Divider
Current Divider
1
1 s
1 2 3 4
R
v v
R R R R
=
+ + +
1
1 s
1 2 3 4
1
R
i i
1 1 1 1
R R R R
=
+ + +
Example: Find v
x
and v
y
and the power absorbed by the 6- resistor.
( )
x
2
v 6V 2V
2 4
= =
+
y x
2
v v 1V
2 2
= =
+
2
2
y
6
v
v 1
P W
R 6 6
O
= = =
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the node voltages, v
1
and v
2
Look at voltage sources first
Node 1 is connected directly to ground by a voltage source v
1
= 10 V
All nodes not connected to a voltage source are KCL equations



Node 2 is a KCL equation
KCL at Node 2
2 1 2
v v v
2 0
4 2

+ =
1 2 1 2
1
2
1 3
v v 2 v 3v 8
4 4
8 v 8 10
v 6V
3 3
+ = + =
+ +
= = =
v
1
= 10 V
v
2
= 6 V
Mesh Current Analysis
Find the mesh currents i
1
and i
2
in the circuit
Look at current sources first
Mesh 2 has a current source in its outer branch
2
i 2A =
All meshes not containing current sources are KVL equations
KVL at Mesh 1
( )
1 1 2
10 4i 2 i i 0 + + =
( )
2
1
10 2 2
10 2i
i 1A
6 6
+
+
= = =
Find the power absorbed by the 4- resistor
2 2
4
P i R (1) (4) 4W
O
= = =
RL Circuit
s
di
v Ri L 0
dt
+ + =
s
di R 1
i v
dt L L
+ =
Put in some numbers

R = 2
L = 4 mH
v
s
(t) = 12 V
i(0) = 0 A
Rt / L 500t
n
p
di
500i 3000
dt
i (t) Ae Ae
i (t) K

+ =
= =
=
s
v
0 500K 3000 K 6
R
+ = = =
( ) ( )
500t
500(0)
Rt / L 500t s
i(t) Ae 6
i(0) 0 0 Ae 6 A 6
v
i(t) 1 e 6 1 e A
R

= +
= = + =
= =
( )
500t 500t
di d
v(t) L 0.004 6 6e 12e V
dt dt

= = =
RC Circuit
s
s
v v dv
C 0
dt R
dv 1 1
v v
dt RC RC

+ =
+ =
Put in some numbers

R = 2
C = 2 mF
v
s
(t) = 12 V
v(0) = 5V
t / RC 250t
n
p
dv
250v 3000
dt
v (t) Ae Ae
v (t) K

+ =
= =
=
s
0 250K 3000 K v 12 + = = =
250t
250(0)
t / RC 250t
s s 0
v(t) Ae 12
v(0) 5 5 Ae 12 A 7
v(t) v (v v )e 12 7e V

= +
= = + =
= =
( )
250t 250t
dv d
i(t) C 0.002 12 7e 3.5e A
dt dt

= = =
DC Steady-State
di
v L 0
dt
= =
0
Short Circuit
i = constant
dv
i C 0
dt
= =
0
Open Circuit
v = constant
Example: Find the DC steady-state voltage, v, in the following circuit.
( )
v (20 ) 5 A 100 V = O =
Complex Arithmetic
Rectangular Exponential Polar
a+jb Ae
j
A
Plot z=a+jb as an ordered pair on the real
and imaginary axes
b
tan
a
=
2 2
z a+jb a +b = =
Eulers Identity

e
j
= cos + j sin
Complex Conjugate
(a+jb)* = a-jb (A)* = A-
Complex Arithmetic
j
1
j
2
z Ae A = a
z Be B

= = Z +
= = Z = +
x y
x y
ja
b jb
( )
1
2
z A
z B
A

Z
=
Z
= Z
( )( )
( )
1 2
z z A B
AB

= Z Z
= Z +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 x y x y x x y y
z z a ja b jb a b j a b + = + + + = + + +
Addition
Multiplication Division
( )
20 40 20
40 60
5 60 5
= 4 20
Z
= Z
Z
Z
Phasors
A complex number representing a sinusoidal current or voltage.
( )
m m
V cos t V e + Z
Only for:
Sinusoidal sources
Steady-state
Impedance
A complex number that is the ratio of the phasor voltage and current.
Z =
V
I
units = ohms ()
Admittance
Y =
I
V
units = Siemens (S)
Phasors
Converting from sinusoid to phasor
( )
( )
( )
3
20cos 40t 15 A 20 15 A
100cos 10 t V 100 0 V
6sin 100t 10 A 6cos(100t 10 90 )A 6 80 A
+ Z
Z
+ = + Z
Ohms Law for Phasors
Z = V I
Ohms Law
KVL
KCL
Current Divider
Voltage Divider
Mesh Current Analysis
Node Voltage Analysis
Impedance
Z R R 0 = = Z
Z j L L 90 e e = = Z
1 1
Z 90
j C C e e
= = Z
Example: Find the steady-state output, v(t).
10 j4 3.71 68.20 1.38 j3.45 O O= Z O= + O
( )
3
1
20 1.38 j3.45
I 5 0
1 1
j50 20 1.38 j3.45
4.88 24.67 A
V ZI 20 4.88 24.67
97.61 24.67 V
v(t) 97.61cos(10 t 24.67 )V
+ +
= Z
+
+ +
= Z
= = Z
= Z
=
Source Transformations
Thvenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent

th
Z =
oc sc
V I
Two special cases
Example: Find the steady-state voltage, v
out
(t)
-j1
10 0
I 5 90 A
j2
Z
= = Z

1
Z j1
1 1
j2 j2
= = O
+

( )( )
V 5 90 j1 5 0 V = Z = Z
j1
5 0
I 5 90 A
j1
Z
= = Z
j0.5
1
Z j0.5
1 1
j1 j1
= = O
+
( )( )
V 5 90 j0.5 2.5 0 V = Z = Z
50+j0.5
Thvenin Equivalent
No current flows through the impedance
2.5 0 V = Z
out
V
out
v (t) 2.5cos(2t)V =
AC Power
Complex Power
*
1
S P jQ
2
= = + VI units = VA (volt-amperes)
Average Power
a.k.a. Active or Real Power
m m
1
P V I cos
2
u = units = W (watts)
Reactive Power
m m
1
Q V I sin
2
u =
units = VAR
(volt-ampere reactive)
Power Factor
PF cosu =
= impedance angle
leading or lagging
current is leading the voltage
<0
current is lagging the voltage
>0
v(t) = 2000 cos(100t) V Example:
Z 20 j50
53.85 68.20
= + O
= Z O
2000 0 V = Z V
Current, I
V 2000 0
I 37.14 68.20 A
Z 20 j50
Z
= = = Z
+
Power Factor
( )
PF cos cos 68.20 0.371 lagging u = = =
Complex Power Absorbed
( )( )
*
1 1
S 2000 0 37.14 68.20
2 2
37139 68.20 VA
13793 j34483 VA
= = Z Z+
= Z
= +
VI
Average Power Absorbed
P=13793 W
Power Factor Correction
We want the power factor close to 1 to reduce the current.
Correct the power factor to 0.85 lagging
1
new
cos 0.85 31.79 u

= = +
Add a capacitor in parallel with the load.
( ) ( )
total cap cap
S S S 13793 j34483 0 jQ = + = + + +
Total Complex Power
( )
cap new
Q Ptan Q 13793tan 31.79 34483 24934 VAR u = = =
cap cap
Q 25934 VAR S j25934 VA = =
S for an ideal capacitor
2
m
1
S j CV
2
e =
( ) ( )
2 1
j25934 j 100 C 2000
2
C 0.13 mF
=
=
v(t) = 2000 cos(100t) V
( ) ( )
total cap
S S S 13793 j34483 0 j25934
13793 j8549 VA 16227.5 31.79 VA
= + = + +
= + = Z
( )
*
*
*
2 13793 j8549
1 2S
S 16.23 31.79 A
2 2000 0
+ | |
| |
= = = = Z
| |
Z
\ .
\ .
VI I
V
Current after capacitor added
I 37.14 68.20 A = Z
Without the capacitor
RMS Current & Voltage
a.k.a. Effective current or voltage
1/ 2 1/ 2
T T
2 2
rms rms
0 0
1 1
V v dt I i dt
T T
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
} }
RMS value of a sinusoid
( )
A
Acos t
2
e +
rms rms
P V I cosu =
Balanced Three-Phase Systems
Y-connected
source
Y-connected
load
m
m
m
V 0
V 120
V 120
= Z
= Z
= Z
an
bn
cn
V
V
V
Phase Voltages
Line Currents
L
LN
L
LN
L
LN
I
Z
I 120
Z
I 120
Z

= = = Z
= = = Z
= = = Z +
AN
aA AN
BN
bB BN
CN
cC CN
V
I I
V
I I
V
I I
Line Voltages
( )
L
L
L
3 30 V
V 120
V 120

= = Z = Z
= Z
= Z +
ab an bn an
bc
ca
V V V V
V
V
Balanced Three-Phase Systems
Phase Currents
Line Currents
Line Voltages
m
m
m
V 0
V 120
V 120
= Z
= Z
= Z
ab
bc
ca
V
V
V
L
LL
L
LL
L
LL
I
Z
I 120
Z
I 120
Z

= = Z
= = Z
= = Z +
AB
AB
BC
BC
CA
CA
V
I
V
I
V
I
( )
L
L
L
3 30 I
I 120
I 120

= = Z = Z
= Z
= Z +
aA AB CA AB
bB
cC
I I I I
I
I
-connected
source
-connected
load
Currents and Voltages are specified in RMS
* * *
1
S S S 3
2
= = = VI VI VI
S for peak
voltage
& current
S for RMS
voltage
& current
S for 3-phase
voltage
& current
*
L L
S 3
3V I u
=
= Z
AN AN
V I
*
L L
S 3
3V I u
=
= Z
AB AB
V I
Complex Power
for Y-connected load
Complex Power
for -connected load
L
L
V line voltage
I line current
impedance angle Z u
= =
= =
= = Z
ab
aA
V
I
Average Power
L L
P 3V I cosu =
Power Factor
PF cos (leading or lagging) u =
Example:
Find the total real power supplied by the source in the balanced wye-connected circuit
LN
540 0 V
Z 270 j270
= Z
= + O
an
V
Given:
( )( )
LN
*
540 0
1.41 45 A
Z 270 j270
S 3 3 540 0 1.41 45 2291 45 VA 1620 j1620VA
Z
= = = = Z
+
= = Z Z = Z = +
AN
aA AN
AN AN
V
I I
V I
P=1620 W
Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
With negative feedback
i=0
v=0
Linear Amplifier
in
in 1
1
in 1 2 out
in in
in 1 2 out
1 1
2
out in
1
v
KVL: -v R i v 0 i
R
KVL: -v R i R i v 0
v v
-v R R v 0
R R
R
v v
R
+ A = =
+ + + =
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
=
0
mV or V reading from sensor
0-5 V output to A/D converter
Magnetic Fields
S S
d 0 d d I = = =
} } }
B s H J S
l
l
B magnetic flux density (tesla)
H magnetic field strength (A/m)
J - current density
Net magnetic flux through
a closed surface is zero.
= B H
S
d | =
}
B S
Magnetic Flux passing through a surface
d
v N
dt
|
=
2
V
1
w H dV
2
=
}}}
Energy stored in the magnetic field Enclosing a surface with N turns
of wire produces a voltage across
the terminals
I = F L B
Magnetic field produces a force perpendicular to
the current direction and the magnetic field direction
Example:
A coaxial cable with an inner wire of radius 1 mm carries 10-A current. The outer
cylindrical conductor has a diameter of 10 mm and carries a 10-A uniformly
distributed current in the opposite direction. Determine the approximate magnetic
energy stored per unit length in this cable. Use
0
for the permeablility of the
material between the wire and conductor.
0
3 2
d H 2 r I 10 A
10
H for 10 m r 10 m
2 r

t
t

= = =
= < <
}
H l
2
1 2 0.01
2
0 0
V 0 0 0.001
1 1 10
w H dV rdrd dz 18.3 J
2 2 2 r

t

t
| |
= = =
|
\ .
}}} } } }
Example:
A cylindrical coil of wire has an air core and 1000 turns. It is 1 m long with
a diameter of 2 mm so has a relatively uniform field. Find the current
necessary to achieve a magnetic flux density of 2 T.
( )( )
( )
0
0
0
7
0 0
d NI
HL NI
2T 1m
B BL
L NI I 1590 A
N
1000 4 10



t

=
=
| |
= = = =
|

\ .
}
H l
Questions?