UNIT 4

TOPIC 1: FURTHER MECHANICS

Part 1: MOMENTUM

Prepared by: Pn Siti Fatimah Saipuddin INTEC
1
OBJECTIVES
Able to express equation p = mv
Apply the principle of conservation of momentum,
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

Special cases in collisions and energy, explosions
Apply the concept of impulse, Ft = mv-mu and
force


2
LINEAR MOMENTUM
The (linear) momentum of a body is defined by:
Momentum = Mass x Velocity

Exercise 2.1:
A body A of mass 5 kg moves to the right with a velocity
of 4 ms
-1
. A body of mass 3 kg moves to the left with a
velocity of 8 ms
-1
. Calculate:
The momentum of A [ +20 kg ms
-1
]
The momentum of B [ -24 kg ms
-1
]
The total momentum of A and B [ -4 kg ms
-1
]


3
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Provided that no external forces are acting, it can be
assumed that when collision happens between two
bodies, the total momentum before collision is the same
as that after collision.





This means that:
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2


4
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Exercise 2.2:

A 2.0 kg object moving with a velocity of 8.0 ms
-1

collides with a 4.0 kg object moving with a velocity of
5.0 ms
-1
along the same line. If the two objects join
together on impact, calculate their common velocity
when they are initially moving

In the same direction [ 6.0 ms
-1
]
In opposite direction [ -0.67 ms
-1
]

5
COLLISIONS AND ENERGY
Momentum is conserved in a collision. Total energy is also
conserved but the kinetic energy might not be conserved. It
can be converted to other forms such as sound, work done
during plastic deformation, etc.

In an elastic collision:
Kinetic energy is conserved
Linear momentum is conserved
Energy is conserved

In a non-elastic collision:
Kinetic energy is not conserved
Linear momentum is conserved
Energy is conserved

In a completely inelastic collision:
The objects stick together on impact




6
COLLISIONS AND ENERGY
Exercise 2.3:

Calculate the KE converted to other forms during the
collisions in (a) and (b) of Exercise 2.2
KE converted = [ 6J ]
KE converted = [ 113J ]

Exercise 2.4:

A 2.0 kg object moving with velocity 6.0 ms
-1
collides with a
stationary object of mass 1.0 kg. Assuming that the collision is
perfectly elastic, calculate the velocity of each object after the
collision.
[v
1
= 2.0 ms
-1
and v
2
= 8.0 ms
-1
]


7
COLLISIONS AND ENERGY
Example:
Two particles S of mass 30g and T of mass 40g,
both travel at the speed of 35 ms
-1
in directions at
right angles to each other. The two particles collide
and stick together. Calculate their speed after the
impact. [ 25.0 ms
-1
]
8
T
S
EXPLOSIONS
An object explodes as a result of some internal forces. As the
result, the total momentum of the separate parts will be the
same as that of the original body, which is normally zero.

Exercise 2.4:

Figure below shows two trolleys A and B initially at rest, separated
by a compressed spring. The spring is now released and the 3.0 kg
trolley moves with a velocity of 1.0 ms
-1
to the right. Calculate:
The velocity of the 2.0 kg trolley [-1.5 ms
-1
]
The total KE of the trolleys [3.75J]
9
IMPULSE AND FORCE
If a force, F acts on a body of mass, m for a time, t so
that the velocity of the body changes from u to v, then:
F = (rate of change of momentum) = (mv-mu)
t
Ft = mv mu = impulse

Exercise 2.5:
A stationary golf ball is hit with a club which exerts an
average force of 80 N over a time of 0.025 s. Calculate:
The change in the momentum [2.00 kg ms
-1
]
The velocity acquired by the ball if it has a mass of 0.020 kg
[ 100 ms
-1
]


10
IMPULSE AND FORCE
Exercise 2.6:

Figure below shows how the force acting on a body varies
with time. The increase in momentum of the body, measured
in Ns as the result of this force acting for four seconds is
_________




[24 Ns]
11
FRICTION
Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion between
two solid surfaces which are in contact.
The frictional force before relative motion between the surfaces
occurs is known as static friction.
Limiting static friction, F
s
=
s
R
The limiting static friction, Fs between two surfaces just
before relative motion occurs.
Independent of the surface area of contact

Kinetic friction, F
k
=
k
R
The friction between two surfaces when there is relative
motion between the surfaces
Independent of the surface area of contact and the relative
speed between the surfaces

The value of coefficient:

k
<
s
12
SUMMARY
Momentum, p = Mass, m x Velocity, v
Principle of conservation of momentum states that:
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

In an elastic collision:
Kinetic energy, Linear momentum, and Energy are
conserved
In a non-elastic collision:
Kinetic energy is not conserved
Linear momentum and Energy are conserved
Ft = mv mu = impulse
Limiting static friction, F
s
=
s
R
Kinetic friction, F
k
=
k
R

k
<
s

13
ONE-DIMENSIONAL COLLISION
14
ELASTIC COLLISION PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLISION
TWO-DIMENSIONAL COLLISION
15
EXAMPLE:
A 1500kg car traveling east with
the speed of 25 ms
-1
collides at
an intersection with a 2500kg van
traveling north at a speed of
20ms
-1
. find the direction and the
magnitude of the velocity of the
wreckage after the collision,
assuming that the collision
undergoes perfectly inelastic
collision
16
= 53.1
v
f
= 15.6 ms
-1