BY-

MAYANK AGARWAL
MRIGANK MISHRA
VIVEK BAGHOTIA
Purpose of fire alarm system:
Afire alarm system may be required in a building for one or both of
the following purpose:
To enhance the safety of the occupants by enabling an alarm of
fire to be given to persons in he building so that they may
escape to safety and to enable other emergency actions to be
taken.
The provision of such a system may be a legislative requirement
and the system may be requiring the approval of the fire authority.
To reduce the loss of property in a fire by the early detection of
fire and by summoning aid or activating fire fighting resources.
The provision of such a system may be related to the cost of
insuring the property and would then require the insurers
approval.

Protection Of Life:
Fire can kill and maim in many ways, e.g. by asphyxiation, irradiation, poisoning or burning.
However most accidental fires begin with smoldering and the evolution of smoke and other
combustion products, and it is known that in most fires the phenomenon that first threatens
human life is the loss of visibility on escape routes. It has been shown that people are unwilling to
walk through smoke in which they cannot see further than 10m even though this in itself
constitute no great hazard. If escape routes are not used for this or any other reason, the
occupant are trapped, perhaps to be killed later in one of the ways mentioned above. A
satisfactory fire alarm system will sound an alarm of fire while sufficient remains for extinction of
the fire or escapes of the occupants before the escape routes become unusable because smoke
or other combustion products.
Primary attention is paid in this code consequently to the protection of the escape routes by the
provision of detectors both on the routes and in those areas from which the routes mighty are
hazarded. An alarm of fire should be given before the visibility falls below about 20 m, in order of
action to be taken before the escape routes become blocked by smoke. An important feature of
the threat posed to human life by fire is that because of the strong convection movement
produced by fire, the lethal combustion products may travel a long way from the seat of the fire to
regions where people have not been alerted.
Protection Of Property:
A fire alarm system, although it can do nothing to
reduce the incidence of fire, can help to reduce the
resultant loss by reducing the delay between ignition
and the start of effective fire fighting actions.
The longest delay is likely when no people are present
in the early stage of the fire. For the reduction of
property loss, therefore, automatic detection is
essential, although manual call points should also be
provided because when people are present they may
give the first alarm of fire.


COMMUNICATION WITH THE LOCAL
AUTHORITY FIRE BRIGADE:

It is desirable that provision should be made for the transmission of alarms to the local authority fire
brigade by the speediest and most certain means available. Consultation with the insurers advisable.

If a building is divided into separate occupancies tenants or occupiers should make reliable
arrangements to avoid the unnecessary duplication of emergency calls and, more importantly, to
prevent the possibility of failure to call the fire brigade.

If communication with the local authority fire brigade is by means of telephone, care should be taken
that the operation of fire alarm and fault warning sounders does not interfere with telephone speech.

If a special telephone is provided for emergency purposes, it should be arranged so that outgoing
calls have priority or incoming calls are bared.

If the transmission of an alarm to the local authority fire brigade depends on a telephone operator on
the premises making a call, consideration should be given to the possible effect of a fire on the
operator.

TYPES OF FIRE DETECTORS:
General, Fire detector are designed to detect one or more
of threat characteristic of a fire; smoke, heat or radiation
(flames). No one type of detector is the most suitable for
all applications and the final choice will depend on
individual circumstances. In some premises it may be
useful to combine different types of detectors or to install
an extinguishing system either combined with or separate
from an automatic alarm system.
All fire detectors will respond to some extent to
phenomena other than fire.
A combination of various types of detectors may be necessary. The likely fire
behavior of the content of each part of the building, the processes taking place
and the design of the building should be considered. The susceptibility of the
contents to heat, smoke and water damage should also be considered.

Heat and smoke detectors are suitable for use in most building. Radiation (flame)
detectors are mainly suitable for supplementing heat and smoke detectors in high
compartments, provided that an unobstructed view is possible, and for special
applications such as outdoor storage and chemical processes employing
flammable liquids.

The choice of fire detector may also be effected by the environmental conditions
within the premises. In general, heat detectors have a greater resistance to
adverse environmental conditions than other types have.

HEAT DETECTORS:
Fixed temperature heat detectors are less suitable where ambient
temperatures are low or may vary slowly over wide range. Combined fixed
temperature and rate-of-rise heat detectors are less suitable where the
ambient temperature may vary rapidly over short periods. Where very high
temperature are likely to be encountered, heat detectors complying with the
requirements BS5445: Part 8should be used.

Heat detectors are not usually suitable for the protection of places where
large losses could be caused by small fires, e.g. computer rooms. Before
final selection of a detector, an estimate should be made of the likely extent
of the damage caused before operation of the heat detector.


SMOKE DETECTORS:
Ionization chamber smoke detectors respond quickly to
smoke containing small particles normally produced in
clean burning fires, but may respond slowly to optically
dense smoke, which may be produced by smoldering
materials. Certain materials e.g. PVC, when overheated
produces mainly large particles to which ionization
detectors are less sensitive. Optical smoke detectors
respond quickly to smoke that is optically dense. Both
types of detectors have a sufficiently wide range of
response to be of general use.

RADIATION (FLAME) DETECTOR):
Radiation (flame) detectors are suitable for use in special
applications such as the general surveillance of large
open areas in warehouses or timber yards or the local
surveillance of critical areas where fire may spread very
rapidly, e.g. at pumps, valves, pipework containing
flammable liquids.

As Stated in Bye Laws:
No building shall be erected so as to
deprive any other building of the means
of access.

For multi-storeyed buildings which are
more than 15 m height:
The width of the
main street on which
the building abuts
shall not be less than
9 meters
A building shall
abut on a spaces
directly
connected from
the street by a
hard surface
approach road,
width of which
is not less than 9
meters
If there are any bends or curves on the approach
road, a sufficient width shall be provided at the
curve to enable the fire appliances to turn, the
turning circle being atleast of 9.0 m radius
The approach road to the building and
open spaces on its all sides shall be upto 6
m widthand of hard surface capable of
taking the weight of Fire engine
Main entrances to the premises shall allow
easy access to the fire engine.
If archway is
provided over the
main entrance the
height of the
archway shall not
be at a height less
than 4 m
For multi-storeyed group housing
schemes on one plot, the approach
road shall be 9 m in width and
between individual buildings; there
shall be a space of 6 m around.
ACCESS TO BUILDING AS PER
NFPA 5000
ACCESS > 50
>50
ACCESS SHALL PROVIDE ENTRANCE TO INTERIOR
ACCESS FOR NON SPRIKLERED BUILDING OF HT. > 40

VEHICULAR ACCESS
TO EACH
COMPARTMENT OF
BUILDING
ACCESS (THROUGH ALL WEATHER SURFACE) >=20
>20
VEHICULAR ACCESS
DIRECTLY
OPPOSITE TO ENTRY
ACCESS MINIMUM
30 WIDE TO EACH
COMPARTMENT
FOR INCREASE
IN HEIGHT OF 1
ABOVE 30
INCREASE
ACCESS BY 1
UPTO A HEIGHT
OF 60
Minimum dimension of Access Door
= 3 x 86
Minimum dimension of Access
Window = 24high x 20 wide
Minimum Clear Opening = 57 sq ft
Minimum Sill Height = 44 in


CITY CENTRE AT NEW TOWN , KOLKATA
MIXED USE PROJECT

SHOPS : 39876 SQ. M.

HOTEL : 118 ROOMS (32 SQM. )

MULTIPLEX: 4 CINEMA HALLS (240 PEOPLE CAPACITY)
TRANSVERSE SECTION
NATIONAL BUILDING CODES

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

Group A Residential (A-5)
Group B Educational
Group C Institutional
Group D Assembly
Group E Business
Group F Mercantile (F-2)
Group G lqdustrial
Group H Storage
Group J Hazardous

Fire Extinguishing method:

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM - An arrangement of piping, sprinklers
and connected equipment designed to operate automatically by the heat of fire
and to discharge water upon that fire and which may also simultaneously give
automatic audible alarm.

FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM - Hydrants are invariably used for fire fighting
purposes to derive water
from the water line.


AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Wall mounted side sprinkler (20 mm dia)
Ceiling mounted top sprinkler (20 mm dia)
According to the occupancy
Light hazard class (hotel)
Moderate hazard class (shops and parking in the basement)
Light Hazard class
Maximum area coverage per sprinkler
a) Sidewall sprinklers 17 m2
b) Other types of sprinklers 21 m2
Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between
adjacent rows of sprinklers:
a) Sidewall sprinklers 4.5 m
b) Other types of sprinklers 4.5 m

Moderate Hazard class
Maximum area coverage per sprinkler
a) Sidewall sprinklers 17 m2
b) Other types of sprinklers 21 m2
Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of
sprinklers
a) Sidewall sprinklers 3.4m
b) Other types of sprinklers :
With standard spacing :4.0 m
With staggered spacing :Sprinklers on ranges 4.6 m
Adjacent rows 4.0 m
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 SPRINKLERS 2.0M
According to NBC any building exceeding 24 m in height has to conform to
following requirements for pump capacity:
UNDERGROUND FIRE FIGHTING WATER TANK
Fire Detection system : Heat
and Smoke Detector

The smoke detectors used in this
building are Ionization chamber
smoke detector. These respond quickly
to invisible smoke from a clear burning
fire, but may respond slowly to
optically dense smoke.
This type of detector can be used only
in dust free and humidity controlled
atmospheres. False alarms may be
caused by smoke and other fumes,
dusts.
FIRE ESCAPES
RESIDENTIAL (A-5) 22.5M
MERCANTILE (F-2) 30.0M
According to NBC :
WIDTH 1.5M
TREAD 250mm (residential blds)
300mm (other buildings)
RISER max. 190mm (resi. Blds)
150mm (other buildings)

Max. 15 stairs per flight


Fire staircases
DETAIL OF FIRE HYDRANT CABINET
ABOUT THE PROJECT
NAME OF PROJECT - SANDY RESORT

TYPE - HOTEL

SITE - BHUBANESHWAR ( ORISSA )

ARCHITECT - NCPL ( NIRMAN CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. )

BUILDING BLOCKS - THREE ( BLOCK A ,B & C)

SITE AREA - 15136.69 SQ. M.

YEAR - 2008

NO OF USERS - APPROX. 500


BLOCK A - G FLOOR

BLOCK B - G+1

BLOCK C - G+5
AREA SPECIFICATION
FIRE FIGHTING
1) EXTERNAL FIRE FIGHTING

COMPONENTS :

WATER - FIRE TANK
STP
RWH

PUMP ROOM

FIRE EXTERNAL RING

FIRE HYDRANTS
FIRE EXTERNAL RING 150 MM DIA.

FIRE TANK - CAP. 150 cub. M.




2) INTERNAL FIRE FIGHTING
COMPONENTS :

WATER - EXTERNAL SOURCE

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

FIRE HYDRANT

HOSE REEL

FIRE EXIT
FIRE SHAFT 1) FIRE EXTINGUISHER
2) FIRE HYDRANT
3) HOSE REEL NOTE- EVERY ROOM HAS PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER AS PER REQUIREMENT
IFCI Towers
Architect :Raja Aederi
Total height of 87.5 m
including the 2 basements
& terrace tanks.
(76+7+1.5+3)m
Building is in air-traffic
funnel corridor.
Project completed in
record time of 2 years
Office Building at Nehru Place, New Delhi
Occupancy of 800 people (approx)
Centrally air-conditioned building with fixed glass
curtain walling with faade area of 6000 sq.m.
6 mm thick single fixed heat reflective glass with 78%
reflectance


FIRE FIGHTING
Provision of a fire control room at lower ground floor lvl
The bldg has been divided into 4 equal fire zones
The building also has 3 refuge areas (2.5 m wide) connected
through the staircases
The lift lobby area is not pressurized but is protected by a
system of water curtains all around it.
All the lifts have a fire man switch and only the service lift is
pressurized
3 wet risers shafts (0.6m x0.9m) have been provided
Sprinklers systems (melting point temp 60
o
C), smoke detectors
and fire detectors provided all through the floor areas

FIRE FIGHTING

Fire refuge areas connected to staircases
FIRE FIGHTING
Provision of CO
2
flooding system
for the DG set rooms, HT Room,
LT Room, Transformer Room and
all electrical rooms.
Provision of hooters for warning
which come on automatically in
case of fire alarm
The hooters have been
connected with the blowers which
starts automatically in case of
emergency. They pressurize the
stairwells and other refuge areas
Fire pumps and fire hoses have
been provided in the outside
landscaped of the bldg

Global Business Park

Architects: HOK & Bose, USA.
Associate Architects: Sikka Associates
Developers : S.B. Developers Pvt. Ltd.
Marketed by: UNITECH, Gurgaon and Vipul
Developers.

EAST ELEVATION

Located on Mehrauli-Gurgaon Road, 1.5 km away from Gurgaon
Areas:
Total Site Area: 17 acres approximately.
Office Towers: A, B
Both towers are G + 9 with 2 basement parking
Total GFA of Tower A&B: 5.7 Acres

N

AHU
AC PLANT
SECURITY & FIRE
CONTROL ROOL
ELECTRIC ROOM
TOILETS

AHU
ELECTRIC ROOM
STAIRCASE
TOILETS
LIFTS
OVERHEAD
WATER TANK


Tower A:
2 stair case one at the periphery and one
at centre
4 passenger lift(2 16 Passengers and 2
10 Passengers) and 1 service lift
All the four lifts begin from lower
basement and run up to 9
th
floor
Service lift begins at upper basement
At ground floor this staircase has an exit
on the external wall.




Tower B:
2 staircase
3 lifts(16 passengers each) and 1 service
lift.
Upper basement to 9
th
floor
1 of these passenger lifts starts from lower
basement, rest all start from ground floor
The peripheral staircase of begins from
ground floor
Stair case begins at lower basement
At ground floor this staircase has an exit
on the external wall.


Fire Fighting
The fire fighting system deployed in Global Business Park is Wet Riser cum
Down Comer which is in accordance with requirements of NBC.

Wet riser-cum-down comer is an arrangement for fire fighting within the
building by means of vertical rising mains no less than 100 mm internal dia
with hydrant outlets and hose reel on each floor/ landing connected to a
terrace tank for fire fighting purpose, through a booster pump, check valve
and a non-return valve near the tank end and a fire pump, gate and non-
return valve, over the underground static tank. A fire service inlet at ground
level fitted with a non-return valve shall also be provided to the rising main for
charging it by fire services pump in case of failure of static fire pump over the
underground static tanks.
Underground Tank : 3,00,000 lts.( single tank for both tower A tower B)
Over-head Tank : 60,000 lts.( for a single tower, each tower having their
separate towers on the terrace)



AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM - An arrangement of piping,
sprinklers and connected equipment designed to operate automatically by
the heat of fire and to discharge water upon that fire and which may also
simultaneously give automatic audible alarm.

Wet riser pipe
Pressure bulb
type sprinkler
Fire Extinguishing method: Automatic sprinkler system


GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Windsor Tower
Madrid, Spain
The Windsor Tower (in Spanish
Torre Windsor) was built in 1979 in
the financial center of Madrid, Spain.

106 meters high and had 32 floors of
which 29 were above ground level and
3 below
Overview of event.


Location:Madrid, Spain

Fire Event:12 February 2005
Fire started at the 21
st
Floor,
spreading to all floors above the 2
nd

Floor.

Fire duration: 18 ~ 20 hours

Fire Damage:Extensive slab
collapse above the 17
th
Floor. The
building was totally destroyed by
the fire.

The Damage

The Windsor Tower was completely gutted by the fire on 12 February 2005. A large portion
of the floor slabs above the 17th Floor progressively collapsed during the fire when the
unprotected steel perimeter columns on the upper levels buckled and collapsed (see Figure
1). It was believed that the massive transfer structure at the 17th Floor level resisted
further collapse of the building.

The whole building was beyond repair and had to be demolished. The estimated property
loss was 72m before the renovation.


Analysis

The main factors leading to the rapid fire growth and the fire
spread to almost all floors included:

1. the lack of effective fire fighting measures, such as automotive
sprinklers
2. the open plan floors with a floor area of 1000m
2

3. the failure of vertical compartmentation measures, in the faade
system and the floor openings
4. lack of fire stops between the curtain wall faade and the concrete
floor slabs

It was believed that the multiple floor fire, along with the
simultaneous buckling of the unprotected steel perimeter columns
at several floors, triggered the collapse of the floor slabs above the
17
th
floor. The reduced damage below the 17
th
floor might provide a
clue.


Existing Passive Fire Protection Measures
Floor by floor compartmentation
(typical compartment size 850 m2)

An unspecified fire resistance period
for the concrete structure, steel
columns protected below 17th Floor,
unprotected above that level.

Vertical shafts forming separate
compartments

1.0m or 1.5m deep vertical fire
protection along the perimeter slab
edge.

Lessons to be learnt
Procedures to ensure early call out to the Fire Brigade

Provisions for speedy access to the fire floor via protected fire
fighting lifts and use of wet risers

Effective compartmentation measures, including sprinkler protection
for high-rise buildings

Good coordination of fire safety measures with refurbishment works
and programme, especially in an occupied building

Holistic Fire safety measures
Fire safety with respect to three components:

Means of escape.
Control of fire spread (both internal and external to the building).
Access and facilities for fire fighting

All aspects of fire safety are interrelated and each one is dependent
on three main variables: the buildings function, situation
and size.

Structural fire protection measures must fulfill three main aims:
Personal protection to preserve life and health
Protection of property
Environmental protection to minimize adverse effects of toxic gases and
smoke
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