COURSE CODE: GS 301

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ZAFFER ELAHI

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Lecture Day/Timing:
Monday 08:30 11:00 a.m. (Even Roll Nos.)
Tuesday 08:30 11:00 a.m. (Environmental)
Wednesday 08:30 11:00 a.m. (Odd Roll Nos.)
General Instructions:
All announcements regarding change in class will be made through class representative
(C.R).
Ensure the punctuality/ regularity in the class.
Late comer students will not be entertained (in any case).
Put your assignment/s to the instructor office before the upcoming class otherwise it will
not entertained.
No separate quiz will be conducted if the student/s miss the class quiz. (Due to any
reason)
Every one must have his/ her own scientific calculator in the class. Use of mobile phone
as a calculator is not allowed in the class, Exam or in the quiz.
Switch off the mobile phone in the class.


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Serial No. Marks Distribution % weight
1 Quiz 10
2 Assignment 10
3 Mid Term Exam 20
4 Final Term Exam 60
Total 100
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Week Topic/s Covered
1
Introduction to Statistics
2
of Data
3
Measures of central tendency, Variance, standard deviation
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Counting Principle, Probability & its Elementary Theorems
5 Conditional probability, Bays Theorem
6 Mathematical expectation and decision making
7 Regression Correlation & Rank Correlation
8 Regression analysis by least square methods incorporating linear, polynomial,
exponential & power function.
9 Probability Distributions
10 Binomials Distribution
11 Poisson processes
12 Probability densities
13 Normal Distribution
14 Students t- Distribution, Chi-square Distribution
15 Sampling Distributions
16 The sampling distribution of the mean (known and unknown) & variance
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APPLIED STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY FOR ENGINEERS,
BY DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY

PROBABILITY FOR ENGINEERS BY IRWIN MILLER, JOHN E
FREUND

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ENGINEERING & SCIENTISTS,
BY WALPOL & MEYERS

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS THEORY, BY SHER
MUHAMMAD CHUADHRY

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The word statistics which comes from the Latin word status,
meaning a political state, originally meant information useful to the
state, e.g., information about the size of populations and armed
forces. But this word has now acquired different meanings.

1. The word statistics refers to numerical facts systematically
arranged.
2. The word statistics is defined as a discipline that includes
procedures and techniques used to collect, process and analyze
numerical data to make inferences and to reach decisions in the
face of uncertainty.
3. The word statistics are numerical quantities calculated from
sample observations; a single quantity that has been calculated
is called a statistic.
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Main Branches
Of Statistics
Theoretical
Statistics
Design
Experiment
Descriptive
Statistics
Statistical
Inference
Applied
Statistics
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Design of Experiment:
is a sequence of steps taken to collect appropriate data for
objective analysis to draw valid inferences with respect to a
problem under investigation.
Descriptive Statistics:
is that branch of statistics that deals with concepts and methods
concerned with summarization and description of the important
aspects of numerical data.
Statistical Inference:
is that branch of statistics that deals with drawing valid conclusions
about the population parameters on the basis of sample data along
with an associated degree of their reliability.

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A/S is a branch of statistics that makes use of statistical methods
and general rules in the investigation of a specific problem.
This branch is applied in the field of:
Biometry
Psychometric
Genetics
Engineering
Physics
Chemistry
Banking
Operation research
Econometrics etc.

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Population:
is the totality of the observations made on all the objects possessing
some common characteristic.
For instance:
Height of college students
Wages of skilled labor in company
Wheat prices in different markets of Pakistan etc.
A population may be finite or infinite.
Size of Population: The number of observations in a finite population.
Notation: It is denoted by N
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Parameter:
is a numerical characteristic of a population such as its mean or
standard deviation etc.
Sample:
is a representative part of the population which is selected to obtain
information concerning the characteristics of the population.
Size of Sample:
Number of observations in a sample is called the size of sample.
Notation: It is denoted by n.
Statistic:
is a numerical characteristic of a sample such as its mean or
standard deviation s etc.
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" "
" "
" "x
In statistics, an observation means any sort of numerically recording of
information, whether it is a physical measurement such as height or weight; a
classification such as heads or tails, or an answer to a question such as Yes or
No.
Variables:
Any characteristic, which varies either in quantity or quality from one
individual to the other, is called a variable.
Examples:
Height of individuals
Weight of persons
Family size
Number of petals of flowers etc.





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Constant:
A characteristics is called a constant if its domain contains only
one value.
Quantitative Variable:
A characteristic, which varies only in quantity from one
individual to another, is called quantitative variable. It is also called
Variate.
Examples:
Wages, Prices, barometric readings, height, weights, etc.
Qualitative Variable:
A characteristic, which varies only in quality from one
individual to another, is called qualitative variable. It is also called
Attribute.
Examples:
Marital status, Educational status, deafness, blindness, beauty etc.

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A variable, which can take only specified values, is called
a Discrete variable. Such as , number of rooms in house, number
of heads in tossing a coin 4-times, size of family etc.
A variable that theoretically can assume any value
(fraction or integer) between two specified limits a and b, is
called Continuous variable. Such as height of plant, weight of
commodity, speed of car, temperature at a place, etc.




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There are three main types for presentation of data.
Classification
Tabulation
Graphical Display
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Classification is the sorting of data into homogeneous
classes or groups according to their being alike or not.
(OR)
Process of dividing a set of data into classes or groups
in such a way that,
Observation in same class are similar
Observation in each class are dissimilar to the other
classes.

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It is the systematic presentation of classified data
under suitable heading and placed in the forms of
rows and columns.
This sort of logical arrangement makes the data easy
to understand, facilitates comparison and provides
effective way to convey information to reader.
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Area
Population Male Female

M

U.M.

T

M

U.M.

T

M

U.M.

T
Urban

25688
21072 46740 10934 12149 23083 14739 8923 23657
Rural

133056
91280 224336 62200 54416 116616 70856 36864 107720
District

158724
112352 271076 73134 66565 139699 85590 45787 131377
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M: Married
U.M.: Unmarried
T: Total
A visual representation of statistical data in the form
of lines, area and other geometrical shapes is known
as graphical representation.

Graphical Display is further divided into two types.
These types are as follow:
Graph
Diagram

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The organization of data in a table which shows
distribution of data into classes or groups together
with the number of observation in each class is called
frequency distribution.

The number of observation in each class is referred
as frequency.
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Class Limit
Class Boundary
Class Interval
Class Mark ( Midpoint value)

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106, 107, 76, 82, 109, 107, 115, 93, 187, 95, 123, 125, 111, 92, 86,
70,110,126, 68, 130, 129, 139, 115, 128, 100, 186, 84, 99, 113, 204, 111, 141,
136, 123,
90, 115, 98, 110, 78, 185, 162, 178, 140, 152, 173, 146, 158, 194, 148, 90,
107, 181, 131, 75, 184, 104, 110, 80, 118, 82.
Range: 204 68 = 136, Class size: 136/7=19.47 = 20 = h (say)
No. of Classes: k = 1+ 3.3 log (n) = 7; n = Total no. of observation

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Class Limits
Class
Boundaries

Class Marks
Tally
Marks
Frequency
65-84 64.5-84.5 74.5
IIII IIII
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85-104 84.5-104.5 94.5
IIII IIII
10
105-124 104.5-124.5 114.5
IIII IIII IIII II
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125-144 124.5-144.5 134.5
IIII IIII
10
145-164 144.5-164.5 154.5
IIII I
6
165-184 164.5-184.5 174.5
IIII
4
185-204 184.5-204.5 194.5
IIII
5
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A graph is a representation of data by
continuous curve

Diagram is any other form of visual
representation.

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Simple Bar Chart:
A simple bar chart consist of
horizontal or vertical bar of
equal widths and lengths
equal to value represented by
frequency.

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Years 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Turnover
(in Dollars)
35000 42000 43500 48000 48500
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Years
Years
A multiple Bar chart shows two or more
characteristics corresponding to value of a
common variable in the form of grouped bars
whose lengths are proportional to the value of the
characteristics and each bar is colored or shaped
differently.
Example:
Draw Multiple bar diagram to show area and
production of cotton from the following data

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Year Area Production
1965-66 2866 1588
1970-71 3233 2229
1975-76 3420 1937
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1965-66 1970-71 1975-76
Chart Title
Area Production
A component bar chart is an effective technique in which each bar is divided
into two or more sections proportional in size to component part of total being
displayed by each bar.
Example: Draw a component Bar chart of Population city wise

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Cities Total Male Female
Peshawar 64 33 31
Rawalpindi 40 21 19
Sargodha 60 32 28
Lahore 65 35 30
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Peshawar Rawalpindi Sargodha Lahore
Chart Title
Male Female
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Items Food Clothing House
rent
Fuel Misc.
Expenditure 50 30 20 15 35
Angle of Sector 50/150*360
= 120
30/150*360
= 72
20/150*360
= 48
15/150*360
= 36
35/150*360
= 84
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Food Clothing House Rent Fuel Misc
Historigram:

A curve showing changes in the value of one or
more item from one period to next period of time
is known as Historigram.

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Year 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936
No. of
Cars
98 74 68 50 99 172 245 302
34
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1929 1929 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936
N
o

o
f


c
a
r
s

Historigram
number of car
A histogram consist of a set of adjacent rect-
angles whose bases are marked off by class
boundaries or the X-axis and whose height are
proportional to frequency associated with
respective classes.
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A frequency polygon is a graphic form of a
frequency distribution which is constructed
by plotting the class-marks along x-axis
and frequency along y-axis.

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When a frequency polygon or histogram
constructed over class intervals made
sufficiently small for a large number of
observations , is smoothed, it approaches a
continuous curve called a frequency curve.

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Age
(Years)
18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54
No. of
Operators
9 188 160 123 84 15
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Class Boundaries Class Interval Proportional Height
17.5-19.5 2 4.5
19.5-24.5 5 37.6
24.5-29.5 5 32
29.5-34.5 5 24.6
34.5-44.5 10 8.6
44.5-54.5 15 1