Numerical Bases Used in Programming

Hexadecimal

Binary

BCD
Hexadecimal Basis
Hexadecimal Digits:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

A=10
B=11
C=12
D=13
E=14
F=15
Decimal, Binary, BCD, & Hexadecimal Numbers
(43)
10
=

(0100 0011)
BCD
=


( 0010 1011 )
2
=

( 2 B )
16

Registers
A
B
R0
R1
R3
R4
R2
R5
R7
R6
DPH DPL
PC
DPTR
PC
Some 8051 16-bit Register
Some 8-bitt Registers of
the 8051
SP
Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051 family
0000H
0FFFH
0000H
1FFFH
8751
AT89C51
8752
AT89C52
4k 8k
RAM memory space allocation in the 8051
7FH
30H
2FH
20H
1FH
17H
10H
0FH
07H
08H
18H
00H
Register Bank 0
(Stack) Register Bank 1
Register Bank 2
Register Bank 3
Bit-Addressable RAM
Scratch pad RAM
Addressing Modes
Register
Direct
Register Indirect
Immediate
Relative
Absolute
Long
Indexed
Register Addressing Mode
MOV Rn, A ;n=0,..,7
ADD A, Rn
MOV DPL, R6

MOV DPTR, A
MOV Rm, Rn
Direct Addressing Mode
Although the entire of 128 bytes of RAM can be
accessed using direct addressing mode, it is most
often used to access RAM loc. 30 7FH.

MOV R0, 40H
MOV 56H, A
MOV A, 4 ; MOV A, R4
MOV 6, 2 ; copy R2 to R6
; MOV R6,R2 is invalid !
Register Indirect Addressing Mode
In this mode, register is used as a pointer to the
data.

MOV A,@Ri ; move content of RAM loc.
where address is held by Ri into A ( i=0 or 1 )

MOV @R1,B

In other word, the content of register R0 or R1 is
sources or target in MOV, ADD and SUBB
insructions.
Immediate Addressing Mode
MOV A,#65H

MOV R6,#65H

MOV DPTR,#2343H

MOV P1,#65H

Relative, Absolute, & Long Addressing
Used only with jump and call instructions:

SJMP

ACALL,AJMP

LCALL,LJMP

Indexed Addressing Mode
This mode is widely used in accessing data
elements of look-up table entries located in the
program (code) space ROM at the 8051

MOVC A,@A+DPTR
(A,@A+PC)
A= content of address A +DPTR from ROM
Note:
Because the data elements are stored in the
program (code ) space ROM of the 8051, it uses
the instruction MOVC instead of MOV. The
C means code.

Some Simple Instructions
MOV dest,source ; dest = source

MOV A,#72H ;A=72H
MOV R4,#62H ;R4=62H
MOV B,0F9H ;B=the content of F9th byte of RAM

MOV DPTR,#7634H
MOV DPL,#34H
MOV DPH,#76H

MOV P1,A ;mov A to port 1

Note 1:
MOV A,#72H MOV A,72H
After instruction MOV A,72H the content of 72th byte of RAM will
replace in Accumulator.

Note 2:
MOV A,R3 MOV A,3

ADD A, Source ;A=A+SOURCE

ADD A,#6 ;A=A+6

ADD A,R6 ;A=A+R6

ADD A,6 ;A=A+[6] or A=A+R6

ADD A,0F3H ;A=A+[0F3H]

SUBB A, Source ;A=A-SOURCE-C


SUBB A,#6 ;A=A-6

SUBB A,R6 ;A=A+R6



MUL & DIV

MUL AB ;B|A = A*B
MOV A,#25H
MOV B,#65H
MUL AB ;25H*65H=0E99
;B=0EH, A=99H

DIV AB ;A = A/B, B = A mod B
MOV A,#25
MOV B,#10
DIV AB ;A=2, B=5


SETB bit ; bit=1
CLR bit ; bit=0

SETB C ; CY=1
SETB P0.0 ;bit 0 from port 0 =1
SETB P3.7 ;bit 7 from port 3 =1
SETB ACC.2 ;bit 2 from ACCUMULATOR =1
SETB 05 ;set high D5 of RAM loc. 20h

Note:

CLR instruction is as same as SETB
i.e.:
CLR C ;CY=0

But following instruction is only for CLR:
CLR A ;A=0
DEC byte ;byte=byte-1
INC byte ;byte=byte+1

INC R7
DEC A
DEC 40H ; [40]=[40]-1


RR RL RRC RLC A

EXAMPLE:
RR A

RR:

RRC:

RL:

RLC:

C
C
ANL - ORL XRL
Bitwise Logical Operations:
AND, OR, XOR
EXAMPLE:
MOV R5,#89H
ANL R5,#08H


CPL A ;1s complement
Example:
MOV A,#55H ;A=01010101 B
L01: CPL A
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP L01

Stack in the 8051
The register used to
access the stack is called
SP (stack pointer)
register.

The stack pointer in the
8051 is only 8 bits wide,
which means that it can
take value 00 to FFH.
When 8051 powered up,
the SP register contains
value 07.
7FH
30H
2FH
20H
1FH
17H
10H
0FH
07H
08H
18H
00H
Register Bank 0
(Stack) Register Bank 1
Register Bank 2
Register Bank 3
Bit-Addressable RAM
Scratch pad RAM
Example:
MOV R6,#25H
MOV R1,#12H
MOV R4,#0F3H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
PUSH 4

0BH
0AH
09H
08H
Start SP=07H
25
0BH
0AH
09H
08H
SP=08H
F3
12
25
0BH
0AH
09H
08H
SP=08H
12
25
0BH
0AH
09H
08H
SP=09H
LOOP and JUMP Instructions
JZ Jump if A=0
JNZ Jump if A/=0
DJNZ Decrement and jump if A/=0
CJNE A,byte Jump if A/=byte
CJNE reg,#data Jump if byte/=#data
JC Jump if CY=1
JNC Jump if CY=0
JB Jump if bit=1
JNB Jump if bit=0
JBC Jump if bit=1 and clear bit
Conditional Jumps :
DJNZ:

Write a program to clear ACC, then
add 3 to the accumulator ten time

Solution:
MOV A,#0
MOV R2,#10
AGAIN: ADD A,#03
DJNZ R2,AGAIN ;repeat until R2=0 (10 times)
MOV R5,A
LJMP(long jump)
LJMP is an unconditional jump. It is a 3-byte instruction.
It allows a jump to any memory location from 0000 to
FFFFH.

AJMP(absolute jump)
In this 2-byte instruction, It allows a jump to any memory
location within the 2k block of program memory.

SJMP(short jump)
In this 2-byte instruction. The relative address range of 00-
FFH is divided into forward and backward jumps, that is ,
within -128 to +127 bytes of memory relative to the address
of the current PC.


CALL Instructions
Another control transfer instruction is the CALL
instruction, which is used to call a subroutine.

LCALL(long call)
This 3-byte instruction can be used to call
subroutines located anywhere within the 64K
byte address space of the 8051.
ACALL (absolute call)
ACALL is 2-byte instruction. the target
address of the subroutine must be within 2K
byte range.
Example:
Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM
location starting at 37h to RAM location starting at 59h.

Solution:
MOV R0,#37h ; source pointer
MOV R1,#59h ; dest pointer
MOV R2,#10 ; counter
L1: MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1,A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2,L1

. 100's 10's 1's
. 1 5 6
+ 2 4 8
= 4 0 4


Decimal Addition
156 + 248
16 Bit Addition
1A44 + 22DB
. 256's 16s 1's
. 1 A 4 4
+ 2 2 D B
= 3 D 1 F
= 3D1F
Performing the Addition with 8051
. 65536's 256's 1's
. R6 R7
+ R4 R5
= R1 R2 R3
1.Add the low bytes R7 and R5, leave the answer in R3.

2.Add the high bytes R6 and R4, adding any carry from step 1, and leave the answer in R2.

3.Put any carry from step 2 in the final byte, R1.
Steps 1, 2, 3
MOV A,R7 ;Move the low-byte into the accumulator

ADD A,R5 ;Add the second low-byte to the accumulator

MOV R3,A ;Move the answer to the low-byte of the result
MOV A,R6 ;Move the high-byte into the accumulator

ADDC A,R4 ;Add the second high-byte to the accumulator, plus carry.

MOV R2,A ;Move the answer to the high-byte of the result
MOV A,#00h ;By default, the highest byte will be zero.

ADDC A,#00h ;Add zero, plus carry from step 2.

MOV R1,A ;Move the answer to the highest byte of the result
The Whole Program
;Load the first value into R6 and R7
MOV R6,#1Ah
MOV R7,#44h
;Load the first value into R4 and R5
MOV R4,#22h
MOV R5,#0DBh
;Call the 16-bit addition routine LCALL ADD16_16

ADD16_16:

;Step 1 of the process
MOV A,R7 ;Move the low-byte into the accumulator
ADD A,R5 ;Add the second low-byte to the accumulator
MOV R3,A ;Move the answer to the low-byte of the result

;Step 2 of the process
MOV A,R6 ;Move the high-byte into the accumulator
ADDC A,R4 ;Add the second high-byte to the accumulator, plus carry.
MOV R2,A ;Move the answer to the high-byte of the result

;Step 3 of the process
MOV A,#00h ;By default, the highest byte will be zero.
ADDC A,#00h ;Add zero, plus carry from step 2.
MOV MOV R1,A ;Move the answer to the highest byte of the result

;Return - answer now resides in R1, R2, and R3. RET
Timer & Port Operations
Example:
Write a program using Timer0 to create a 10khz square
wave on P1.0


MOV TMOD,#02H ;8-bit auto-reload mode
MOV TH0,#-50 ;-50 reload value in TH0
SETB TR0 ;start timer0
LOOP: JNB TF0, LOOP ;wait for overflow
CLR TF0 ;clear timer0 overflow flag
CPL P1.0 ;toggle port bit
SJMP LOOP ;repeat
END
Interrupts
1. Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
2. Interrupt Priority
3. Writing the ISR (Interrupt Service
Routine)
Interrupt Enable (IE) Register :
EA : Global enable/disable.
--- : Undefined.
ET2 :Enable Timer 2 interrupt.
ES :Enable Serial port interrupt.
ET1 :Enable Timer 1 interrupt.
EX1 :Enable External 1 interrupt.
ET0 : Enable Timer 0 interrupt.
EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.
Interrupt Vectors
Interrupt Vector Address
System Reset 0000H
External 0 0003H
Timer 0 000BH
External 1 0013H
Timer 1 001BH
Serial Port 0023H
Timer 2 002BH
Writing the ISR
Example:
Writing the ISR for Timer0 interrupt

ORG 0000H ;reset
LJMP MAIN
ORG 000BH ;Timer0 entry point
T0ISR: . ;Timer0 ISR begins
.
RETI ;return to main program
MAIN: . ;main program
.
.
END
Structure of Assembly language and
Running an 8051 program

EDITOR
PROGRAM
ASSEMBLER
PROGRAM
LINKER
PROGRAM
OH
PROGRAM
Myfile.asm
Myfile.obj
Other obj file
Myfile.lst
Myfile.hex
Examples of Our Program Instructions
MOV C,P1.4
JC LINE1


SETB P1.0
CLR P1.2
8051 Instruction Set
ACALL: Absolute Call

ADD, ADDC: Add Acc. (With Carry)

AJMP: Absolute Jump

ANL: Bitwise AND

CJNE: Compare & Jump if Not Equal

CLR: Clear Register

CPL: Complement Register

DA: Decimal Adjust

DEC: Decrement Register

DIV: Divide Accumulator by B

DJNZ: Dec. Reg. & Jump if Not Zero

INC: Increment Register

JB: Jump if Bit Set

JBC: Jump if Bit Set and Clear Bit

JC: Jump if Carry Set

JMP: Jump to Address

JNB: Jump if Bit Not Set

JNC: Jump if Carry Not Set

JNZ: Jump if Acc. Not Zero

JZ: Jump if Accumulator Zero

LCALL: Long Call

LJMP: Long Jump

MOV: Move Memory

MOVC: Move Code Memory

MOVX: Move Extended Memory

MUL: Multiply Accumulator by B

NOP: No Operation

ORL: Bitwise OR

POP: Pop Value From Stack

PUSH: Push Value Onto Stack

RET: Return From Subroutine

RETI: Return From Interrupt

RL: Rotate Accumulator Left

RLC: Rotate Acc. Left Through Carry

RR: Rotate Accumulator Right

RRC: Rotate Acc. Right Through Carry

SETB: Set Bit

SJMP: Short Jump

SUBB: Sub. From Acc. With Borrow

SWAP: Swap Accumulator Nibbles

XCH: Exchange Bytes

XCHD: Exchange Digits

XRL: Bitwise Exclusive OR

Undefined: Undefined Instruction