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CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Centre of gravity : of a body is the point at
which the whole weight of the body may be
assumed to be concentrated.
It is represented by CG. or simply G or C.
A body is having only one center of gravity for
all positions of the body.
1
Contd.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Consider a three dimensional
body of any size and shape,
having a mass m.
If we suspend the body as shown in
figure, from any point such as A, the
body will be in equilibrium under the
action of the tension in the cord and
the resultant W of the gravitational
forces acting on all particles of the
body.
2
Contd.
Resultant W is collinear with
the Cord
Assume that we mark its
position by drilling a
hypothetical hole of negligible
size along its line of action
Cord
Resultant
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
3
Contd.
To determine mathematically the location of the
centre of gravity of any body,
Centre of gravity is that point about which the
summation of the first moments of the weights of
the elements of the body is zero.
we apply the principle of moments to the parallel
system of gravitational forces.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
6
Contd.
We repeat the experiment by
suspending the body from other
points such as B and C, and in
each instant we mark the line of
action of the resultant force.
For all practical purposes these lines of action will be
concurrent at a single point G, which is called the
centre of gravity of the body.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
4
w
A
A
w
B
A
G
B
A
w
A
B
C
G
B
A
C
C
B
Example:
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
5
if, we apply principle of moments, (Varignons Theorem)
about y-axis, for example,
The moment of the
resultant gravitational
force W, about any
axis
=
the algebraic sum of the
moments about the same
axis of the gravitational
forces dW acting on all
infinitesimal elements of
the body.
dW x
Where W =
dW
W x
The moment of the
resultant about y-axis
=
The sum of moments of its
components about y-axis
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
7
where = x- coordinate of centre of gravity
x
x
x
W
dW x
x
W
dW z
z
and ----(1)
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
8
x
W
dW x
x
W
dW y
y
W
dW z
z
m
dm y
y
m
dm z
z
----(1)
----(2)
, ,
,
,
(if g is assumed constant for all particles, then )
the expression for the coordinates of centre of gravity become
CENTRE OF MASS
9
Contd.
dV
dV x
x
dV
dV y
y
dV
dV z
z
and
----(3)
If is not constant throughout the body, then we may
write the expression as
,
CENTRE OF MASS
The density of a body is mass per unit volume. Thus,
the mass of a differential element of volume dV
becomes dm = dV .
10
Contd.
m
dm x
x
m
dm y
y
m
dm z
z
----(2)
,
,
This point is called the centre of mass and clearly
coincides with the centre of gravity as long as the gravity
field is treated as uniform and parallel.
CENTRE OF MASS
Equation 2 is independent of g and therefore define a
unique point in the body which is a function solely of the
distribution of mass.
11
When the density of a body is uniform throughout,
it will be a constant factor in both the numerators and
denominators of equation (3) and will therefore
cancel.
The remaining expression defines a purely
geometrical property of the body.
dV
dV x
x
dV
dV y
y
dV
dV z
z
and
, ----(3)
CENTROID
12
When speaking of an actual physical body, we use the
term centre of mass.
Calculation of centroid falls within three distinct
categories, depending on whether we can model the
shape of the body involved as a line, an area or a
volume.
The term centroid is used when the calculation concerns
a geometrical shape only.
13
Contd.
LINES: for a slender rod or a wire of length L, cross-
sectional area A, and density , the body approximates a
line segment, and dm = A dL. If and A are constant over
the length of the rod, the coordinates of the centre of mass
also becomes the coordinates of the centroid, C of the line
segment, which may be written as
L
dL x
x
L
dL y
y
L
dL z
z
A
dA y
y
A
dA z
z
V
dV y
y
V
dV z
z