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Breakwaters are man-made structures constructed to protect ports and harbors from ocean waves. They are classified based on their construction type and sea-ward slope into vertical, composite, and sloping breakwaters. Rubble mound breakwaters use layered stone and concrete armor units to dissipate wave energy. Proper design through physical modeling and construction methods like land or marine placement are important for breakwaters to withstand wave forces.
Originalbeschreibung:
Ports are considered to be the important transit locations to carry out the world trade through seaways, which need to be protected from the disturbances due to the incoming waves. This is a basic requirement for harbors in order to ensure smooth maneuvering of marine vehicles and berthing of vessels. A seaport plays an important role in the sector of sea transportations, exports, imports, tourism, and travel, and thus is an important ingredient of economic growth. Ports are the key gateways to national economy. They handle almost 90% of a country’s external trade. Development of ports needs the construction of breakwaters to provide calm condition inside harbour.
Breakwaters are man-made structures constructed to protect ports and harbors from ocean waves. They are classified based on their construction type and sea-ward slope into vertical, composite, and sloping breakwaters. Rubble mound breakwaters use layered stone and concrete armor units to dissipate wave energy. Proper design through physical modeling and construction methods like land or marine placement are important for breakwaters to withstand wave forces.
Breakwaters are man-made structures constructed to protect ports and harbors from ocean waves. They are classified based on their construction type and sea-ward slope into vertical, composite, and sloping breakwaters. Rubble mound breakwaters use layered stone and concrete armor units to dissipate wave energy. Proper design through physical modeling and construction methods like land or marine placement are important for breakwaters to withstand wave forces.
structures from fury of ocean waves and provide tranquil conditions for ships at berth.
BREAKWATER PROFILES Breakwaters are mainly classified under the following four groups depending upon their type of construction and sea-ward slope.
Vertical breakwater - Type V
Composite breakwater - Type C Special type of breakwaters Sloping breakwater - Type S Sloping breakwater - Type S:
This has a sea-ward sloping face of 1:1 or flatter.
Vertical breakwater - Type V:
This has a vertical or near vertical sea- ward face Composite breakwater - Type C :
This consists of a vertical breakwater constructed on a rubble foundation with slope on both sides. Special type of breakwaters such as sub-merged breakwaters, floating breakwaters, bubble screen (compressed air) breakwaters are used for special applications. Typical cross sections of the first three types of breakwaters are shown in the Figure. TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF BREAKWATERS Rubble Mound
Conventional multi-layer rubble mound
Multi-layer rubble mound
with superstructure
Berm Breakwater
Reef Breakwater
TYPES OF RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATERS Conventional Rubblemound Breakwater Toe Core Leeside Seaside Filter Crest LWL HWL Berm Breakwater CORE CREST BERM SEA SIDE LEE SIDE FILTER LWL HWL CONCEPT OF WIDE TOE-BERM IN DESIGN OF RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATER Wide Toe Core Leeside Seaside Crest LWL HWL Filter Breakwater with Wide - Toe Berm +11 m 7 m Lee Side Sea Side 20 m 0.0 m Core 3 5 t - 7 m Damage Profile Net Saving = Rs. 12 Crores COST COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL & WIDE TOE BERM BREAKWATER Conventional 1) Tetrapod = 43 T ( 73 Cum / m) @ Rs. 6000/Cum = Rs. 4.38 Lakh / m
2) Toe berm = ( 3-5 t stones)= 181 T/m @ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 0.62 Lakh/ Rmt
4) Core Stones ( 5-500 kg) = 600 T/m @ Rs. 250/ T = Rs. 1.40 Lakh / m Total = Rs. 8.32 Lakh / m Total Cost for 600 m = Rs 49.9 Crore Wide Toe Berm 1) Tetrapod = 12 T ( 46 Cum / m) @ Rs. 4475/ Cum = Rs. 2.05 Lakh / m
2) 20 m toe berm ( 3-5 t stones)= 275 T/m @ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 0.94 Lakh/ Rmt
4) Core Stones ( 5-500 kg) = 600 T/m @ Rs. 250/ T = Rs. 1.40 Lakh / m Total = Rs.6.31 Lakh / m Rs 37.9 Crore Various types of natural rock are normally used. However, when sufficiently large blocks are not available from the quarry or the wave conditions are very severe at the breakwater locations, the concrete artificial armour units are used. About 40 different types of artificial armour units have been developed. The important among them are shown in Figure.
ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR BREAKWATERS BREAKWATER DESIGN FORMULAE RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER SLOPES The stability of the Breakwater is dependent on its slope. The weight of the armour unit increases with the steepness in slope. Generally adopted slopes are 1:1.5 to 1:3 STABILITY TESTS Though the cross section of the breakwater are evolved based on the Empirical Formulae, it is essential to carry out a Flume Test with Random Waves.
MODEL TESTS Mathematical Model Physical Model Wave Basin and Wave Flume
OPTIMISATION OF DESIGN OF RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATERS Hydraulic Model Studies in Wave Flumes / Basins MODES OF FAILURES OF CONVENTIONAL RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATER Slip Failure Scour Berm & Toe Erosion Filter Instability Core Settlement Sub Soil Settlement Erosion, Breakage of Armour Overtopping Breaking, Sliding, Tilting of Copping Wall Venting Slip Failure Slip Failure RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS Recommended three layer section (Shore Protection Manual 1984) Conventional Caisson Type Breakwater Conventional Block Type Breakwater Sloping Top Type Breakwater VERTICAL BREAKWATERS Perforated Wall Type Breakwater Japanese Type Breakwater Composite Type Breakwater
RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Land or Marine Haul of Material Land or Marine Placing of Materials Construction from Shore outwards and Construction from offshore towards shore One or all the above combination may be required in a particular project.
Land Based Equipment Direct Dumping of Material Dump Trucks Loaders and Cranes
Land Based Equipment Controlled Placing Cranes
BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION LAND BASED EQUIPMENT DIGITAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BLAST FACE BEFORE BLASTING. SORTING OF STONES IN QUARRY LOADING OF STONES INTO DUMPERS TRANSPORT OF STONES FROM QUARRY TO BREAKWATER CASTING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS STACKING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS STACKYARD HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS HANDLING ATTACHMENT FOR ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS IN STACKYARD PLACING OF ARMOUR STONES PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION - LAND BASED TECHNIQUES Floating Equipment Direct Dumping of Material Split Barges Bottom Door Barges Tilting Barges Floating Equipment Controlled Placing Side Stone Dumping Vessel Fall Pipe Vessel Flat Deck Barges with Bull Dozer Pontoon with a Crane BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION FLOATING EQUIPMENT Split Hopper Barge Dumping through a pipe Side Stone Dumping Vessel CONSTRUCTION - GEOTEXTILE CONSTRUCTION - CORE
CONSTRUCTION - TOE
CONSTRUCTION - CORELOC
VERTICAL BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
CAISSON UNDER CONSTRUCTION CAISSON BEING TOWED TO POSITION CAISSON IN POSITION BREAKWATER CASE STUDIES PARADIP PORT PARADIP PORT PORT OF VISAKHAPATNAM LAYOUT OF OUTER HARBOUR
CHENNAI PORT TUTICORIN PORT MORMUGAO PORT NEW MANGALORE PORT NEW MANGALORE PORT KAKINADA PORT BREAKWATER MOPLABAY CANNANORE FISHERIES HARBOUR REHABILITATION OF BREAKWATERS CONSTRAINTS IN REHABILITATION OF BREAKWATER
CAUSES OF DAMAGE Freak waves of 4 m to 8 m height attacked breakwater on 10 April 1987 Breakwater was in construction stage. Breakwater was designed for 4.0 m waves. Higher waves overtopped the breakwater. DAMAGED BREAKWATER AT PORBANDAR Causes of damage
Severe cyclone of June 1998 caused total damage to 600 m length of breakwater from the roundhead.
Higher waves than design wave lead to overtopping of lower crest