Dr. Indrika Rajapaksha [Dr.Eng.

(Nagoya)]
Chartered Architect/ Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
Design strategies for Energy efficiency
Source: Climate change 2007:Synthesis report adapted from, IPCC 4
th
Assessment report (AR4)
Temperature stabilisation
Few centuries
Sea-level rise
Centuries to several millennia
CO2 stabilisation
100-300 years
CO2 emission

2
0
2
0


2
0
4
0


M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

Long-term trends and planetary risks
Accumulating impacts of climate change over the long term
Source: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, adapted from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)
NO3-3%
CFC-10%
Methane 9%
CO-7%
CO2 72%,
Burning of fossil
fuels

Buildings consumes over 50% of generated energy
Produces over 50% of green house gases
Demands for extensive amount of energy
Emits more green house gases
Contributes to global warming

Ref. Roaf S, Fuentes M, Thomas S, 2001 Ecohouse: A design guide, Architectural press, UK
Source: Environmental design: An introduction for Architects and Engineers, Thomas R., Fordham M., E&FN Spon UK
Operation 84%
Manufacturing 13%
Construction 2%
Demolition 1% Design 0.4X
Alterations 1.2 X
Initial construction cost X
Maintenance 1.5X
System operation 7X

50 60% of energy is used in A/C and artificial lighting

Source: UNFPA Report, July 2007, State of Worlds Population 2007, NY
216 214
197 191
461
265
313
281
385
235
376
259
215
243
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
N
D
B

D
a
r
m
a
p
a
l
a

M
a
w
a
t
h
a
V
a
u
x
h
a
l
l

T
o
w
e
r
U
n
i
o
n

A
s
s
u
a
r
a
n
c
e
H
E
M
A
S
A
b
a
n
s

L
t
d
C
i
t
y

B
a
n
k
H
u
c
h
i
s
o
n

T
o
w
e
r
H
S
B
C
-
G
l
o
b
a
l

C
e
n
t
e
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l

B
a
n
k
-
U
n
i
o
n

P
l
a
c
e
C
e
y
l
i
n
c
o

H
o
u
s
e
C
T
C

E
a
g
l
e
H
N
B

T
o
w
e
r
s
C
e
y
l
i
n
c
o

S
e
y
l
a
n
W
o
r
l
d

T
r
a
d
e

C
e
n
t
e
r
E
n
e
r
g
y

F
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t

k
W
h
/
m
2
/
a
n
n
u
m

11 12 11
25
24
15
2
67
9
39
8
80
68
287
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
A
n
n
u
a
l

e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

c
o
s
t

(
R
s
.

M
i
l
l
i
o
n
)

Glass boxes
Similar facades in all cardinal directions
No shading
Lacks sensitivity to its locality
Artificially conditioned interiors for thermal and
visual comfort
Active built forms with passive occupants
Unhealthy office interiors with unacceptable Indoor
air and environmental quality

SO
2
concentrations
457
286 286
269
155
173
R = 0.6134
0
100
200
300
400
500
LFL MFL UFL
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

g
/
m
3

Floor Level
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Linear (Mean)
SLAQS 120g/m
3
(8h)

314
286
257
182
140
154
R = 0.4286
0
100
200
300
400
500
LFL MFL UFL
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

g
/
m
3

Floor Level
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Linear (Mean)
SLAQS 120g/m
3
(8h)

8h
A
B
Galle Road
R.A De Mel Mawatha
Mean of 9h to 16h
National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa

PM

concentrations
24h

A
B
Galle Road
R.A De Mel Mawatha
Mean of 16h to 16h
AQG (WHO) PM
2.5
= 25g/m
3

R = 0.8396
0
20
40
60
80
100
PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

g
/
m
3

Particle category
LFL MFL UFL
AQG (WHO) PM
10
= 50g/m
3

R = 0.8077
0
20
40
60
80
100
PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

g
/
m
3

Particle category
LFL MFL UFL
AQG (WHO) PM
2.5
= 25g/m
3

AQG (WHO) PM
10
= 50g/m
3

National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
Sustainability actions
Governance
Technology
Population
Socio-cultural

MITIGATION


ADAPTATION

G H G
Aerosol
Human Health
Human Systems

National Target: 20% reduction of 2010 energy consumption by 2020

Green Building Council: Zero energy buildings by 2050

Energy code: A star rating for buildings incompliance with the code.
Marking scheme need to be worked out.

Building Code Australia (BCA, 2010):
Section J of the BCA recommends and annual electricity consumption
allowance of 163 kWh/m2 for office buildings in Brisbane

Queensland emission reduction target:
4 star energy efficiency rating for office buildings by 2010

Carbon neutral government office buildings by 2020
NABERS Energy for Offices
benchmarks
156
76
172
52
332
307
282
257
232
207
182
157
132
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
E
n
e
r
g
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

(
K
W
h
/
m
2
)
Star Level
Base Building
Tenancy
whole
Base Building: Energy consumption for central services such as common area, exterior
lighting and power (including parking areas), lifts and HVAC system.

Tenancy: Energy consumption for tenant lighting and equipment

Whole Building: Total energy consumption
Sustainable design
Sustainable design meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
the future generations
Economic dimension
Socio cultural dimension
Environmental dimension
Efficient use of energy
Efficient use of water
Less waste production
Indoor environmental
quality
Green buildings

targets and efficiency improvement
strategies are promoted with all 4 areas
Green rating
Management - 4 points

Sustainable sites - 25 points

Water efficiency - 14 points

Energy and Atmosphere - 21 points

Material and Resources - 21 points

Indoor environmental quality - 13 points

Innovation and design process - 4 points

Social and cultural awareness - 3 points



3
13
14
5
14
10
1
Certified : 40-49
Silver : 50 59
Gold : 60-69
Platinum : 70 and above
50
2
5
3
60
5 10% of demand
satisfied by on-site
renewable
11
2
60 100% demand
satisfied by on-site
renewable energy
Exemplary building performance
73
Gold, Silver and certified buildings will not help to achieve national
and Green rating targets Eco-Blings, Green washing
Platinum rated buildings are the way forward for Green
architecture to achieve zero energy buildings by 2050
Refer Table 4.2 , page 59
Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article
Home owners wasting money eco-bling makes little difference
Eco-bling

Ecological technology or gadgets that cost an amount of
money that you will never get back in terms of energy
saved or produced
Greenwashing
A design by picking off-the-shelf green solutions that may
actually cause more harm to the environment than good
Source: http://www.green building advisor. com
Im beginning to really hate Eco-bling
'It achieves little or nothing. If you
build a building that is just as
energy-hungry as every other
building, and you put a few wind
turbines and solar panels on the
outside that addresses a few per
cent of that building's energy
consumption, you have not
achieved anything.
1
st
Goal : Cut Demand
2
nd
Goal : Green technologies
First order decisions: GREEN DESIGN APPROACH
Microclimate
Form and Fabric
Second order decisions: GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
Mechanical plant
On-site renewable energy generation
Conserve energy
Working with climate
Minimize new resources
Respect for users
Respect for site

Symbolic form of green ecological approach to design
LP
L11 L12
L21 L22
Suffix 1 - Designed system
Suffix 2 - Environment around that system
L - Interdependent connections within the framework
L11 - Processes and activities that take place within the system Internalities- Internal loads
L12 - Interactions of the system with the environment
L21 Inputs from environment to the system Externalities Environmental loads
L22 Process and activities that take place in the environment

(Yeang, K 1995, Designing with nature: the ecological basis of architectural design, McGraw-Hill, New York)
(Vale B. , Vale R. 1991: Green Architecture, Design for a sustainable future, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London)
MENARA MESINIAGA, Malaysia
Curtain wall glazing: North and South facades
Aluminum fins and louvers: East and West facades
Lift lobbies, stair wells & toilets: Natural light and ventilation
Sun-shading details
Recessed curtain wall
glazing
Building orientation
Sun path geometry
Plan shape
Sectional form
Wind orientation
National Library building, Singapore
Source: Yeang, Ken, Bioclimatic sky-scraper, Menara Mesinaga, KL, Malaysia
Climate investigation
Climate modification strategies
Microclimatic data analysis
Building form for climatic matching

Climate investigation
Climate modification strategies
Microclimatic data analysis
Building form for climatic matching

Cylindrical tower with an Area/ volume ratio of less
than 1 contains heat
Un-shaded smooth glazed facades supports heat
gain through building envelope
Unbearable indoor temperatures are well above
the human thermal comfort range
Demand for cooling by mechanical means

Shaping of the built-form for climatic matching
Innovative shading of facades by recessed
envelope configuration
Diversity in envelope fenestration

60 Vertical shadow angle
60 -60
East West
Horizontal shadow angle
South facing shading devices


Horizontal shading devices
Vertical shading devices
60 Vertical shadow angle
North facing shading devices


Total floor area 948 m2
Annual energy consumption 84372 kWh
Energy footprint 89kWh/m2/annum
180 solar panels produces on average130 kWh daily
Energy foot print of the green power
50kWh/m2/annum

Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya
Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46
th
ASA (Architectural Science Association) Conference,
Australia , November, 2012
Shading on immediate microclimates to minimise incidence
of solar radiation
Sun courtyard just in front of the building
Cantilevered floor plates for shading on windows
Automated solar sensitive double skin envelope to promote
buffer zones in solar defence
Envelope dependant day lighting potential
High thermal mass for walls and ceilings
Motion sensitive active and task lighting system
VAV air conditioning systems
Rain water harvesting
Building energy management system
Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya
Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46
th
ASA (Architectural Science
Association) Conference, Australia , November, 2012
216 214
197 191
461
265
313
281
385
235
376
259
215
243
89
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
N
D
B

D
a
r
m
a
p
a
l
a

M
a
w
a
t
h
a
V
a
u
x
h
a
l
l

T
o
w
e
r
U
n
i
o
n

A
s
s
u
a
r
a
n
c
e
H
E
M
A
S
A
b
a
n
s

L
t
d
C
i
t
y

B
a
n
k
H
u
c
h
i
s
o
n

T
o
w
e
r
H
S
B
C
-
G
l
o
b
a
l

C
e
n
t
e
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l

B
a
n
k
-
U
n
i
o
n

P
l
a
c
e
C
e
y
l
i
n
c
o

H
o
u
s
e
C
T
C

E
a
g
l
e
H
N
B

T
o
w
e
r
s
C
e
y
l
i
n
c
o

S
e
y
l
a
n
W
o
r
l
d

T
r
a
d
e

C
e
n
t
e
r
N
i
k
i
n
i

A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y

F
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t

k
W
h
/
m
2
/
a
n
n
u
m

156
76
172
52
332
307
282
257
232
207
182
157
132
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
E
n
e
r
g
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

(
K
W
h
/
m
2
)
Star Level
Base Building
Tenancy
whole
6 stars
89
Nikini
Automation

In Compliance with an international rating system
Well above the 2020 national target
Benchmark building for 2050 target of Green rating system of Sri Lanka


SZOKOLAYS BIO-CLIMATIC CHART Colombo, Sri-Lanka
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (Degree C)
30%
20%
10%
100% 90 80 70% 60% 50% 40%
g/Kg
Summer Comfort Zone
1m/s Indoor Air Velocity
1.5m/s Indoor Air Velocity
Monthly temperature variations
COMFORT ZONE
Monthly Minimum and Maximum
Temperature
TROPICAL COURTYARD FORM AS AN AIR FUNNEL
Courtyard
Colonnaded Veranda
Courtyard
+ Pressure Field - Pressure Field
Shaded Veranda
PASSIVE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES C E N T R A L C O U R T Y A R D
HIGH THERMAL MASS FABRIC
WITH SHADED VERANDA
AXIAL AIR FUNNEL
Architect: Upendra Rajapaksha & Partner
W
a
b
c
d
e
f
courtyard
N
E
S Longitudinal Axis
Cross Axis
Wind direction
V e r a n d a
Living a
Bedroom b
Bedroom c
Kitchen and Pantry d
Family Living e
CENTRAL COURTYARD RESIDENCE
AXIAL WIND FIELD
THRO COURTYARD
Iteration A
Iterations
B,C,D&E
Courtyard
E
Op1
Op2
Op3 Op4 Cy
A
Cy
B
Op1
Op2
Cy
C
Op4 Op3 Cy
D
Op1
Op2
Cy
Op3
R E S E A R C H M E T H O D O L O G Y
OPEN TO SKY
COURTYARD
F
Op1
Op2
G
Op1
Op2
Op3 Op4
Op1
Op4
Op2
Op3
AXIAL WIND FIELD
WITH CLOSED CY.
Iterations
F,G
-Atrium configurations
ENVELOPE CONFIGURATIONS
WITH CLOSED TOP OPENING
OF THE COURTYARD
Cross Axis
a
b
c
d e f
Courtyard
Op1
Op3
Op4
Longitudinal
Axis
Longitudinal
Axis
Cross Axis
SIMULATED BUILDING MODEL
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS
RELATIVE INDEX : T = T
O
- T
i

DECREMENT FACTOR :
DF = T
i (max)
T
0 (mean)
/ T
0 (max)
T
0 (mean)
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall
Ambient air
Courtyard air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall Ambient air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall
Ambient air
Courtyard air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall Ambient air
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall
Indoor air
Ambient air
Courtyard air
INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE
ITERATION B
ITERATION A
The Best Thermal Performance Cool
Courtyard
The Worst Thermal Performance Warm
Courtyard
3 Hrs. Time Lag
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time [hour]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
d
e
g
r
e
e

C
]
Internal wall
Indoor air
Ambient air
Courtyard air
OP1
OP2
UPWIND FUNNEL AIR FLOW HORIZONTAL CROSS UPWIND AIR FLOW
SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis
Iterations B & D Iterations C & E
OP2
OP4
OP1
OP3
TOP VORTEX AIR FLOW HORIZONTAL CROSS AIR FLOW
OP4
OP3
OP2
OP1
Iterations F & G Iteration A
SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS


I. Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya, Indoor thermal modification of a ventilated courtyard house in the tropics,
International Journal of Architectural Institute of Japan, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Vol.1 No.1 March
2002, pp.84-97

I.Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya, A ventilated courtyard as a passive cooling strategy in warm humid tropics,
International Journal of World Renewable Energy network, Renewable Energy Vol.28, No.11 June 2003, pp. 1755-1778

Rajapaksha, I., 2004 Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design proposition for Natural Ventilation, Built environments and
environmental buildings: Proceedings of the 21
st
International conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Vol.1, M.H. de Wit
(ed), PLEA 2004, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 19- 21, pp. 531-536

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya, M., 2002 Indoor airflow behavior for thermal comfort in a courtyard house in warm humid
tropics, In Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of the 9
th
Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. IV, H. Levin (ed), Indoor Air
2002, Santa Cruz, California, June 30- July 05, pp. 1072-77.

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002 A tropical courtyard building as an upwind air funnel, A computational
analysis, In Design with the Environment: Proceedings of the 19
th
International Conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture,
Vol. 1, Gerber, M et al (eds.) PLEA 2002, Toulouse, July 22- 25, pp.631- 36.

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal influence of an enclosed courtyard in an equatorial climate dwelling,
Field investigation of the courtyard dwelling in Sri Lanka (Part I), Summaries of the technical papers of the Tokai chapter annual
meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp.505-8

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal behavior of an enclosed open courtyard house in equatorial climate,
Field investigation of cool courtyard conditions (Part II), Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of Architectural
Institute of Japan, pp. 401-2

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal
environment (Part III), Computational analysis of natural ventilation in equatorial courtyard house, Summaries of the technical
papers of the Tokai chapter annual meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 465-8

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal
environment (Part IV), Indoor thermal comfort assessment, Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of
Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 795-796

Rajapaksha, I, et al. 2008, Bandaragama House, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Hyde, R. (ed.) Bioclimatic Housing; Innovative Designs for
Warm Climates, Part I, Chapter 2, Earth Scan UK & USA, pp. 102-111 References
References: