MICROBES IN HUMAN

WELFARE
Microbes are micro-organisms, less than 0.1mm,
they can be seen only with the help of microscope.
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD
PRODUCTS.
1. CURD-Produced by lactobacillus and other lactic acid
bacteria( LAB).
LAB produce acids that coagulate and partially digest
milk.
LAB also increase the nutritional quality of curd by
increasing the content of vit.B12.
The dough used for making idli and dosa, is fermented
by bacteria.
The puffed up appearance is due to the production of
carbon dioxide during fermentation.

Toddy is produced by fermenting coconut
water.
Microbes are used to ferment fish, bamboo
shoot, etc.
The taste of cheese depending on the
microbes used for fermentation.
Ex.1. Swiss cheese has large holes, due to the
production of more carbon dioxide by the
bacterium called Propionibacterium
sharmanii.
2.Roquefort cheese is ripened by fungus.
MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
1. Antibiotics. Penicillin is an antibiotic
obtained from a fungus- Penicilium notatum.
Penicillin was called wonderful drug.
It was used to treat soldiers in world war-II.
2. Beverages- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
( yeast) is used in beverage and bread
production.
3. Organic acid and alcohol production.
1.Acid producers.
Citric acid- Aspergillus niger, a fungus.
Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti ,a bacterium.
Butyric acid-Clostridium butylicum , a
bacterium.
Lactic acid- Lactobacillus delbrueckii , a
bacterium.
Ethanol-Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a fungus.
4.Enzyme production-
1. Lipases- used in detergent to remove stain.
Pectinases and proteasesused to clear the
bottled juices.
Streptokinases- from streptococcus
bacterium- used as a clot buster in blood
vessels of heart patients.

5.Bio active molecules production-
1.Cyclosprin A -It is produced by the fungus
Tricoderma polysporum. It is used as an
immuno suppressive agent in organ
transplantation.
2.Statins.- It is produced by the fungus /yeast
Monascus purpureus. It is used for lowering
the blood cholesterol.
It act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme
involved in cholesterol synthesis.



TRICHODERMA
MONASCUS
MICROBES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT.
Sewage The municipal waste water.
It contains organic matter and microbes
which are pathogenic.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment
plant(STPs).
The treatment involves two steps.
1. Primary treatment.
2. Secondary treatment.
1.Primary treatment.
It is a physical process, involves physical
removal of particles ( debris)by filtration and
sedimentation(grit).
Settled solids called SLUDGE
The supernatant is taken for secondary
treatment.
Secondary treatment.
It is a biological process.
1.Primary effluent is mechanically agitated and
aerated in large aeration tanks to allow growth of
aerobic microbes into FLOCS.(It is an interwoven
mass of bacteria and fungal filament ).
2. Microbes grow and consume organic matter
thus reducing BOD.
3.Now the effluent is passed to settling tank
where flocs sediment. This sediment is called
ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
4. A part of activate sludge is sent to aeration
tank as INOCULUM, the remaining part is
pumped into anaerobic sludge digester.
5.In digesters anaerobic bacteria digest the
other bacteria and fungi, it produce gases like
methane, Hydrogen sulphide and
corbondioxide.( BIOGAS).
6.Gases are released are used as biogas and
the remaining treated effluent is released into
natural water bodies.
MICROBES IN THE RODUCTION OF
BIOGAS.
Some bacteria grow anaerobically on the
cellulosic material and produce large amount
of methane gas along with carbon dioxide
and hydrogen.
The bacteria which produce biogas is called
as methanogens ex. Methano bacterium.
It is present in the rumen of cattle.
Cow dung is rich in methanogens so it is used
to produce BIOGAS.
BIOGAS PLANT
The technology of production of biogas production
was developed in india by Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village
Industries Commission (KVIC).
In a tank(10-15 feet deep), biowastes are collected
and slurry of dung is fed.
Out let of biogas is connected to near by houses by
pipes.
Spent slurry is also used as fertilizers.
Biogas is used for cooking and lighting.


MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS.
Biocontrol refers to the use of biological
methods / organisns for controlling plant
disease and pests.
This methods rely on natural predation rather
than pesticides/chemicals.
Ex.1.Lady bird beetle to get ride of aphids.
2. Dragon flies control mosquitoes.
3.Trichoderma (fungus) control plant
pathogens.
4.Nccleopolyhedrovirus-used as insecticide.
5.Bacillus thuringiensis (bacterium) used to
control insect larva

MICROBES AS BIOFERTILIZERS.
Bio fertilizers are organisms that enrich the
nutrient quality of soil, ex. Bacteria, fungus and
cyanobacterium.
1. Bacteria- symbiotic-Rhizobium,
freeliving-AZOSPIRILLUM and azotobacter.
They fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil
nutrients.
2. Cyanobacteria- Anabaena,Nostoc,Aulosira and
oscillatoria.They fix atmospheric nitrogen.
3.Fungi/mycorrhizae- They absorbe phosphorus
ex.Glomus.
How organic farmer has different
approach ?
Organic farmer believes.
1.In biodiversity in future health.
2.That variety of landscape is sustainable.
3.That insect pest should not be eradicated
but they should be checked for a balance.
4.In less dependence on toxic chemicals and
pesticides.
In understanding the various life forms. etc
(1 mark)
1. Name two vitamins produced by microbial
fermentation.
2. What is the botanical name of bakers
yeast?
3. Milk starts to coagulate when lactic acid
bacteria is added to warm milk as a starter.
Mention two benefits LAB provides

(2 marks)
1. State the use of:
Trichoderma with respect to organ transplant
Nucleopolyhedrovirus with respect to pest
management
2. Why should sewage be treated before its
disposal?
3. What is primary sludge?
4. Name the pests, lady birds and dragonflies help
to get the rid of respectively
5. Give the role of microbes in single cell protein.

6. What is micorhiza? How does it help as biofertilizers?
7. What is BOD? What does it mean if a water sample has more
BOD?
8. Name any two cyanobacteria. How do they serve as main source
of biofertilizer ?
9. What is the difference between Bt and Bt cotton? Explain the use
of Bt as a biological control.
10. Give reason-
a) Bottled fruit juices brought from market are clearer as compared
to those made at home,
b) Large holes are found in swiss-cheese,
c) The insect which are so called pest are not eradicated in organic
fumes.
11. Name the gobar gas liberated from biogas plant. Which type of
bacteria are responsible for its production? Give advantage.

(3 marks)

1. Differentiate between
a) Primary sludge and activated sludge,
b) Biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer,
c) Primary sewage treatment and secondary
sewage treatement.



(5 marks)

1.Answer briefly:
1) How is sewage harmful to man?
2) What is organic farming?
3) Which group of organisms attack insect and arthopod?
How are they best biocontrol biological agent,
4) What is the difference between flocks and primary
sludge?

2.Write short notes on: a) bakers yeast, b) alcohol c) statin
d)Brewers yeast e) streptokinase


Definitions

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) :- The amount of
the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic
matter in 1 ltr. Of water were oxidized by bacteria.
BIOCONTROL :- The use of biological method for
controlling plant disease & pests.
BIOFERTILISER :- The organisms that enrich the nutrient
quality of the soil.
BIOGAS :- The mixture of gases {mainly CH4, CO2}
produced by the microbial activity & which can be used as
fuel.
BT COTTON :- A variety of cotton which is incorporated
with Bt gene and it is resistant for insects & pests.


CLOT BUSTER :- The microbial product for removing clots from the blood
vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infraction leading to
heart attack.
FERMENTATION :- The process of Anaerobic respiration in which complex
molecules incompletely breaks into simple one by the microbial action.
FERMENTORS :- The large containers made up of stainless steel require
to grow microbes for industrial products.
METHANOGENS :- The anaerobic bacteria which produce large amount
of CH4, CO2 & H2 as they grow on cellulosic material.
MYCORRHIZA :- A symbiotic association between fungal hyphal & roots
of trees (Higher Plants)
PEST :- Organism that destroys crop or its product is known as pest.
SEWAGE :- The Municipal waste water containing large amount of
organic matter & microbes

Assignment Questions
1.Fungi associate with higher plant roots
absorb phosphorus from the soil passes it to
the plant. Mention the association between
them
2. What is the key difference between
primary and secondary sewage treatment?
3.How are the holes (spongy texture)
produces in bread and cheese?
4.What is Anaerobic Sludge digest
1.Do you think microbes can also be used as energy
convertors? If yes how?
2. Single cell protein is one of the alternative source
proteins for animal and human nutrition. Justify your
answer.
3.Bottled juices are clearer compare to homemade juices.
Give reason?
4. For the brain haemorrage of a patient, the doctor
prescribed Streptokinase. Why? Mention the source of
industrial production of this biomolecule.
5.What is cyclosporine A? Name the micro organism from
which it is obtained. How it is used in human welfare?
6.. Why is organic farming favoured these days? Describe
the method employed in the process
1.Some Microbes are used to control other
microbes , elaborate with examples
2. Why are most of the antibiotics sold in
combination with lactobacillus, these days?
3. The Yamuna action plan and the Ganga
action plan have been initiated to reduce BOD
of these rivers in and around Delhi. What is
understood by this statement?
4.Drinks like whisky and rum more intoxicating
than wine. Why?
Q1 Which gas gives the puffed appearance to the
dough ? Name the metabolic pathway taking
place Resulting in the formation of this gas .
Q2 What is the key difference in the primary and
secondary treatment ?
Q3 Describe the bio gas plant structure . Give
various steps involved in obtaining biogas .
Q4 Why are chemical pesticides not preferred by
the farmers in controlling pests ?
Q5 What is the advantage of Legume
Rhizobium symbiosis