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Metacarbonates are metamorphosed calcareous rocks in which the carbonate component is predominant. Marbles are nearly pure carbonate. Calc-silicate rocks: carbonate is subordinate and may be composed of Ca-Mg-Fe-Al silicate minerals.
Metacarbonates are metamorphosed calcareous rocks in which the carbonate component is predominant. Marbles are nearly pure carbonate. Calc-silicate rocks: carbonate is subordinate and may be composed of Ca-Mg-Fe-Al silicate minerals.
Metacarbonates are metamorphosed calcareous rocks in which the carbonate component is predominant. Marbles are nearly pure carbonate. Calc-silicate rocks: carbonate is subordinate and may be composed of Ca-Mg-Fe-Al silicate minerals.
Karra Fenine Lopez Calcareous rocks are predominantly carbonate rocks, usually limestone or dolostone Typically form in a stable continental shelf environment along a passive margin They may be pure carbonate, or they may contain variable amounts of other precipitates (such as chert or hematite) or detrital material (sand, clays, etc.) Become metamorphosed when the passive margin becomes part of an orogenic belt
METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS TYPES OF META-CALCAREOUS ROCKS Metacarbonates are metamorphosed calcareous rocks in which the carbonate component is predominant Marbles are nearly pure carbonate Calc-silicate rocks: carbonate is subordinate and may be composed of Ca-Mg-Fe-Al silicate minerals, such as diopside, grossular, Ca-amphiboles, vesuvianite, epidote, wollastonite, etc. Skarn: calc-silicate rock formed by metasomatism between carbonates and silicate-rich rocks or fluids Contact between sedimentary layers Contact between carbonate country rocks and a hot, hydrous, silicate intrusion, such as a granite METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS THE CMS-HC CHEMOGRAPHIC SYSTEM Winter (2001) Figure 29-1. Chemographics in the CaO- MgO-SiO 2 -CO 2 -H 2 O system, projected from CO 2 and H 2 O. The green shaded areas represent the common composition range of limestones and dolostones. Due to the solvus between calcite and dolomite, both minerals can coexist in carbonate rocks. The dark red left half of the triangle is the area of interest for metacarbonates. Carbonated ultramafics occupy the right half of the triangle. Cal Calcite Wo Wollastonite Di Diopside Tr Tremolite Tlc Talc Fo Mg-olivine Bru Brucite Per Periclase Dol - Dolomite Impure Limestone Dolostone Figure 29.2. A portion of the Alta aureole in Little Cottonwood Canyon, SE of Salt Lake City, UT, where talc, tremolite, forsterite, and periclase isograds were mapped in metacarbonates by Moore and Kerrick (1976) Amer. J . Sci., 276, 502-524. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Figure 29.3. T-X CO2 phase diagram for siliceous carbonates at P = 0.1 GPa. Calculated using the program TWQ of Berman (1988, 1990, 1991). The green area is the field in which tremolite is stable, the reddish area is the field in which dolomite + diopside is stable, and the blue area is for dolomite + talc. Compatibility diagrams, similar to those in Figure 29.4, show the mineral assemblages in each field. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS METAMORPHISM AT LOW PRESSURES Figure 29.4. The sequence of CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 compatibility diagrams for metamorphosed siliceous carbonates (shaded half) along an open-system (vertical) path up metamorphic grade for X CO2 < 0.63 in Figure 29.3. The dashed isograd requires that tremolite is more abundant than either calcite or quartz, which is rare in siliceous carbonates. After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1. METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS METAMORPHISM AT HIGHER PRESSURES Reactions at higher T Diopside larger stability field Talc stable only at low X CO2 Figure 29.6. T-X CO2 phase diagram for siliceous carbonates at P = 0.5 GPa, calculated using the program TWQ of Berman (1988, 1990, 1991). The light-shaded area is the field in which tremolite is stable, the darker shaded areas are the fields in which talc or diopside are stable. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS CALC-SILICATES Winter (2001) Figure 29-9. Map of isograds in the pelitic Waterville and calcareous Vassalboro formations of south-central Maine. After Ferry (1983) J. Petrol., 24, 343-376. - Pelitic rocks - Calc-silicate rocks Calc-silicate rocks present challenges in simply defining their complex compositions Necessary components include Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, and K Resultant metamorphic mineral suites are hybrids of calcareous and pelitic systems Occurences of Ultramafic Rocks in the Crust Alpine peridotites: uppermost mantle attached to the base of oceanic lithosphere slabs (ophiolites) that become incorporated into the continental crust along subduction zones; commonly get trapped between two terranes during an accretion event Originally composed of olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene (6:3:1) = Lherzolite Due to hydrothermal alteration at ocean ridges, the ultramafic rock comes into orogenic belts being strongly altered (serpentinized). Regional metamorphism then overprints this. METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS Chain of ultramafic bodies in Vermont indicating a suture zone of the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. The ultramafics mark a closed oceanic basin between North American rocks and an accreted island arc terrane. From Chidester, (1968) in Zen et al., Studies in Appalachian Geology, Northern and Maritime. Wiley Interscience. The suture zone is marked by the mlange and particularly by the occurrence of ultramafic rocks composing the mantle portion of the ocean lithosphere METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS COMMON METAMORPHIC MINERALS Qtz - Quartz Di Diopside Tr Tremolite Tlc Talc Ath Anthophyllite En Enstatite Atg Antigorite (Serpentine) Crs Chrysotile (Serpentine) Fo Mg-olivine Bru Brucite Per Periclase En Ath Atg, Crs - Typical Mantle Lherzolite Figure 29-11. Chemographics of ultramafic rocks in the CMS-H system (projected from H 2 O) showing the stable mineral assemblages (in the presence of excess H 2 O) and changes in topology due to reactions along the medium P/T metamorphic field gradient illustrated in Figure 29-10. The star represents the composition of a typical mantle lherzolite. Dashed reactions represent those that do not occur in typical ultramafic rocks, but rather in unusually SiO 2 -rich or SiO 2 -poor varieties. After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1. METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
Peccerillo, A. and Taylor, S. R. (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks From The Kastamonu Area, Northern Turkey. Contributions To Mineralogy and Petrology, 58 (1), 63-81 PDF