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GEO136-C1

IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY


Metamorphism of
Calcareous
and Ultramafic Rocks



Karra Fenine Lopez
Calcareous rocks are predominantly carbonate
rocks, usually limestone or dolostone
Typically form in a stable continental shelf
environment along a passive margin
They may be pure carbonate, or they may contain
variable amounts of other precipitates (such as
chert or hematite) or detrital material (sand, clays,
etc.)
Become metamorphosed when the passive margin
becomes part of an orogenic belt

METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS
TYPES OF META-CALCAREOUS ROCKS
Metacarbonates are metamorphosed calcareous rocks in which
the carbonate component is predominant
Marbles are nearly pure carbonate
Calc-silicate rocks: carbonate is subordinate and may be
composed of Ca-Mg-Fe-Al silicate minerals, such as
diopside, grossular, Ca-amphiboles, vesuvianite, epidote,
wollastonite, etc.
Skarn: calc-silicate rock formed by metasomatism between
carbonates and silicate-rich rocks or fluids
Contact between sedimentary layers
Contact between carbonate country rocks and a hot,
hydrous, silicate intrusion, such as a granite
METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS
THE CMS-HC CHEMOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Winter (2001) Figure 29-1.
Chemographics in the CaO-
MgO-SiO
2
-CO
2
-H
2
O system,
projected from CO
2
and H
2
O.
The green shaded areas
represent the common
composition range of
limestones and dolostones. Due
to the solvus between calcite
and dolomite, both minerals can
coexist in carbonate rocks. The
dark red left half of the triangle
is the area of interest for
metacarbonates. Carbonated
ultramafics occupy the right half
of the triangle.
Cal Calcite
Wo Wollastonite
Di Diopside
Tr Tremolite
Tlc Talc
Fo Mg-olivine
Bru Brucite
Per Periclase
Dol - Dolomite
Impure
Limestone
Dolostone
Figure 29.2. A portion of the Alta aureole in Little Cottonwood Canyon, SE of Salt Lake City, UT, where talc, tremolite,
forsterite, and periclase isograds were mapped in metacarbonates by Moore and Kerrick (1976) Amer. J . Sci., 276, 502-524.
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Figure 29.3. T-X
CO2
phase diagram for siliceous carbonates at P = 0.1 GPa. Calculated using the program TWQ of Berman (1988, 1990, 1991). The
green area is the field in which tremolite is stable, the reddish area is the field in which dolomite + diopside is stable, and the blue area is for
dolomite + talc. Compatibility diagrams, similar to those in Figure 29.4, show the mineral assemblages in each field. Winter (2010) An Introduction
to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS
METAMORPHISM AT LOW PRESSURES
Figure 29.4. The sequence of CaO-MgO-SiO
2
-H
2
O-CO
2
compatibility diagrams for metamorphosed siliceous carbonates
(shaded half) along an open-system (vertical) path up metamorphic grade for X
CO2
< 0.63 in Figure 29.3. The dashed
isograd requires that tremolite is more abundant than either calcite or quartz, which is rare in siliceous carbonates. After
Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1.
METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS
METAMORPHISM AT HIGHER PRESSURES
Reactions at
higher T
Diopside larger
stability field
Talc stable only
at low X
CO2
Figure 29.6. T-X
CO2
phase diagram for siliceous carbonates at P = 0.5 GPa, calculated using the program TWQ of Berman
(1988, 1990, 1991). The light-shaded area is the field in which tremolite is stable, the darker shaded areas are the fields in
which talc or diopside are stable. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS
CALC-SILICATES
Winter (2001) Figure 29-9. Map of
isograds in the pelitic Waterville and
calcareous Vassalboro formations of
south-central Maine. After Ferry (1983) J.
Petrol., 24, 343-376.
- Pelitic rocks
- Calc-silicate rocks
Calc-silicate rocks present
challenges in simply defining their
complex compositions
Necessary components include
Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, and K
Resultant metamorphic mineral
suites are hybrids of calcareous
and pelitic systems
Occurences of Ultramafic Rocks in
the Crust
Alpine peridotites: uppermost mantle
attached to the base of oceanic
lithosphere slabs (ophiolites) that become
incorporated into the continental crust
along subduction zones; commonly get
trapped between two terranes during an
accretion event
Originally composed of olivine +
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene (6:3:1) =
Lherzolite
Due to hydrothermal alteration at ocean
ridges, the ultramafic rock comes into
orogenic belts being strongly altered
(serpentinized). Regional metamorphism
then overprints this.
METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
Chain of ultramafic bodies
in Vermont indicating a
suture zone of the
Ordovician Taconic
Orogeny. The ultramafics
mark a closed oceanic
basin between North
American rocks and an
accreted island arc
terrane. From Chidester,
(1968) in Zen et al.,
Studies in Appalachian
Geology, Northern and
Maritime. Wiley
Interscience.
The suture zone is marked by the mlange and
particularly by the occurrence of ultramafic rocks
composing the mantle portion of the ocean lithosphere
METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
COMMON METAMORPHIC MINERALS
Qtz - Quartz
Di Diopside
Tr Tremolite
Tlc Talc
Ath Anthophyllite
En Enstatite
Atg Antigorite (Serpentine)
Crs Chrysotile (Serpentine)
Fo Mg-olivine
Bru Brucite
Per Periclase
En
Ath
Atg, Crs
- Typical
Mantle
Lherzolite
Figure 29-11. Chemographics of ultramafic rocks in the CMS-H system (projected from H
2
O) showing the stable mineral assemblages (in the presence of
excess H
2
O) and changes in topology due to reactions along the medium P/T metamorphic field gradient illustrated in Figure 29-10. The star represents the
composition of a typical mantle lherzolite. Dashed reactions represent those that do not occur in typical ultramafic rocks, but rather in unusually SiO
2
-rich or
SiO
2
-poor varieties. After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1.
METAMORPHISM OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS

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