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Transmission
Media

Part 2
Module 1
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Unguided Media
Unguided media, or wireless communication, transport
electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
Instead the signals are broadcast though air and are available
to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.

The section of the electromagnetic spectrum defined as radio
communication is divided into eight ranges, called bands,
each regulated by government authorities.

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Wireless transmission waves
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Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless
communication
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Propagation of Radio Waves

Radio technology considers the earth as surrounded by two
layers of atmosphere: the troposphere and the
ionosphere.
The troposphere is the portion of the atmosphere
extending outward approximately 30 miles from the earth's
surface.
The troposphere contains what we generally think of as
air. Clouds, wind, temperature variations, and weather in
general occur in the troposphere.
The ionosphere is the layer of the atmosphere above the
troposphere but below space.


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Propagation methods
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Ground propagation. In ground propagation, radio waves
travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging
the earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all
directions from the transmitting antenna and follow the
curvature of the planet. The distance depends on the power
in the signal.
In Sky propagation, higher-frequency radio waves radiate
upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to
earth. This type of transmission allows for greater
distances with lower power output.

In Line-of-Sight Propagation, very high frequency signals
are transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to
antenna.

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Bands
Band Range Propagation Application
VLF 330 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation
LF 30300 KHz Ground
Radio beacons and
navigational locators
MF 300 KHz3 MHz Sky AM radio
HF 330 MHz Sky
Citizens band (CB),
ship/aircraft communication
VHF 30300 MHz
Sky and
line-of-sight
VHF TV,
FM radio
UHF 300 MHz3 GHz
Line-of-
sight
UHF TV, cellular phones,
paging, satellite
SHF 330 GHz
Line-of-
sight
Satellite communication
EHF 30300 GHz
Line-of-
sight
Long-range radio navigation
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transmission and reception are achieved by means
of an antenna
directional
transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
transmitter and receiver must be aligned
omnidirectional
signal spreads out in all directions
can be received by many antennas
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Omni directional Antennas
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Unidirectional antennas
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radio is omnidirectional and microwave is directional
Radio is a general term often used to encompass
frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Mobile telephony occupies several frequency bands
just under 1 GHz.
ASET Infrared
Uses transmitters/receivers (transceivers) that
modulate noncoherent infrared light.
Transceivers must be within line of sight of each
other (directly or via reflection ).
Unlike microwaves, infrared does not penetrate walls.