SDH Networks

Communications Test Solutions 1
Current transmission technologies (PDH)

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH)
Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH
Basic elements of STM-1
SDH network elements
Synchronization architecture in SDH
Monitoring, maintenance and measurements in SDH
International SDH Network standards
Future Trends

All rights reserved.
No parts of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted,
or translated without the written permission of the publisher.
Copyright by Stephan Schultz, Wandel & Goltermann Germany
Box 1262, D-72795 Eningen u.A.
e-mail: schultst@wago.de
http://www.wg.com
Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16
Current Transmission Technologies
The Telephone System
LE LE
T1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
time
Audio Signal
Sampler Output
time
T1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM)
signal
Sampling
+V
0 0 0 0 X X X X
0 0 0 1 X X X X
0 0 1 0 X X X X
1 0 0 0 X X X X
1 0 0 1 X X X X
1 0 1 0 X X X X
1 0 1 1 X X X X
1 1 0 0 X X X X
1 1 0 1 X X X X
1 1 1 0 X X X X
1 1 1 1 X X X X
digital codes
-V
In accordance with
CCITTs A-law
1/2V
1/4V
1/8V
1/16V
1/32V
1/64
V
Quantization
Level
32
48
64
80
96
112
Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding
8
bits per
sample
x
=
64kbit/s
8000
samples
per sec
PCM Signal Data Rate
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
2048 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
x 4
x 30/31 x 24
x 3
x 7 x 5
x 3
Japan USA Europe
primary rate
2. order
3.
4.
5.
32064 kbit/s
x 3
97728 kbit/s
397200 kbit/s
x 4
x 4
34368 kbit/s
139264 kbit/s
x 4
564992 kbit/s
x 4
8448 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
274176 kbit/s
x 6
1544 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
x 4
PDH Systems World-wide
64 kbit/s
Data Signals
15 kHz
Sound Program
Signals
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
1
2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)
8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
64
Channel Capacity:
64 x 30 = 1920
0.3 to 3.1 kHz
AF signals
DSMX
34/140
DSMX
8/34
DSMX
2/8
1
30
DSMX
64k/2
1
30
PCMX 30
1
PCMX 30
5
1
30
4
1
4
PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signalling
information
time
slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Non frame alignment signal
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
signalling
information
time
slots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
(M)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)

NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
signalling
information
time
slots
4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFAS
frame 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1
sub multiframe 2

signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
signalling
information
time
slots
4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFAS
frame 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2.048 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal
( CRC MFAS: 001011 )
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
4 5 6 7 8
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFAS
frame 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:
s
u
b

m
u
l
t
i
f
r
a
m
e

1

s
u
b

m
u
l
t
i
f
r
a
m
e

2

signalling
information
time
slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 FAS
C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 NFAS
6 FAS
7 NFAS
8 FAS
9 NFAS
14 FAS
15 NFAS
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742

A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 204 2 4 4 4 4
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame Structures
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
A: Alarm Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 204 2 4 4 4 4
10 372 380 380 376 2 4 4 4 4
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4 1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751
A: Alarm Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d 1b 2b 3b 4b 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N
12 472 484 484 484 4 4 4 4 484 4 480 4 4
AIS
PDH
Equipment
AIS
PDH
Equipment
LOS
LOF
AIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3
D-Bit
BER 10-6
N-Bit
PDH Maintenance Signals
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
main
stand-by
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
Line Terminating
Unit
Line Terminating
Unit
Drop & Insert Station
1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)

Simple D&I of traffic channels
(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems
SDH is open for new applications
(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN,...)
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)
(for centralized network control)
Why SDH
Why SDH
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADM
ADM
ATM
Switch
STM-4/-16
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
Synchronous Network Structure
VC-2
VC-1
VC-2
VC-1
VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-4
VC-3
VC-2
VC-1
VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-4
VC-3
Reg
S

M

X

S

M

X

Multiplex
Section
Regenerator
Sections
Higher Order Path
Lower Order Path
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
Path Denominations
M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

PDH PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Reg.
CC
NNI NNI NNI
ITU-T Rec.:
G.707 Synchronous Multiplex Structure
G.703 Electrical characteristic
G.957 Optical interface characteristic

The Network Node Interface (NNI)
specifications are necessary to
enable interconnection of
synchronous digital network elements
for transport of payloads
Network Node Interface (NNI)
Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfaces
in SDH
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
1
3
5
9
4
270
270 Columns (Bytes)
1
9
transmit
row by row
RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer
Payload
(transport capacity)
STM-1 Frame Structure
C-4
VC-4
C-4
V
C
-
4

P
O
H

AU Pointer
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
V
C
-
4

P
O
H

1
3
5
9
4
270
270 Columns (Bytes)
1
9
RSOH
AU-4
MSOH
AU Pointer
VC-4
V
C
-
4

P
O
H

C-4
12341234123412 . . . .
11111
22222
33333
44444
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
STM-1 #3
STM-1 #4
STM-4
The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the
STM-n output signal.

B1
B2
B1
B2
SOH termination New SOH
Higher SDH Bitrates
STM-4 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1 D2 D3 X
D4
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D7
D
10
S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D5
D8
D
11
D
12
D9
D5

36 bytes
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculated
Bytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
A U Pointers
Payload
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
Basic Elements of STM-1
M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

back-up line
PDH PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Reg.
CC
clock
clock
clock
B1 B1
B3
B2 B2
P a t h
Parity Bytes
F2
E1, F1, D1 ... D3 E2, D4 ... D12
Comm.
Channels
B1
Reg. Section
Synchronous Network
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
AU - PTR
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
STM-1 SOH
Media dependent bytes
X Reserved for national use

SOH: Section overhead
POH: Path overhead
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and
supervision of the SDH transmission network.
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
P

O

H

Pointer
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Embedded Overhead Bytes
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

Data communication channels
(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

Voice communication channels
(E1 between regenerators)
Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)

Section Trace
(J0 Identfication
of regenerator source)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
Parity check (B2)
Alarm information (K2)
Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching
(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels
(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1)
Voice communications channels
(E2 between multiplexers)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
Alarm and performance information
(V5, G1)
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
User communications channel
between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source
(Path Trace J1, J2)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K4
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/2
POH
Functions of Path Overhead
Functions and Characteristics of the
Individual Elements of NNI
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)
Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the
AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
Functions and Characteristics of the
Individual Elements of the NNI
A1, A2 Frame synchronisation
B1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
J0 Regenerator section trace
D1... D3 Regenerator section DCC
D4.. D12 Multiplex section DCC
E1, E2 Orderwire for voice communication
F1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)
S1 Synchronisation status message
M1 MS-REI (remote error idication)

J1 Higher order path trace
B3 Path parity byte for error monitoring
C2 Signal Label (composition of payload)
G1 Path status and performance
F2, F3 Path user channels
H4 Payload specific byte
K3 Automatic protection switching (APS)
N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

V5 Error check, path status, signal label
J2 Lower order path trace
N2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
SOH

VC-3/4
POH
VC-1/2
POH
Overhead Byte Functionality
Container
Virtual Container
Administrative Unit
Synchronous Transport Module
Path Overhead
Pointer
Section Overhead
Plesiochronous signal
140Mbit/s
C4
VC-4
AU-4
STM-1
The way of integrating PDH signals into STM-1
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH
networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
AU-Pointer
1
9
TU-
PTR
V
C
-
4

P
O
H

VC-12
POH
VC-12
VC-4
STM-1
Pointers
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Opportunity for
negative stuffing
(more capacity)
Pointer
inc/dec
IDIDIDID
NDF,
mapping struc,
pointer inc/dec
J1
C4 payload
N N N N S S I D
I D I D I D I D
H1 byte H2 byte
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0
0 1
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Opportunity for
positive stuffing
(less capacity)
Pointer interpretation :
New data flag (NDF) disabled :
New data flag enabled :
AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 :
AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 :
AU-4 pointer 0...782 :
TU-3 pointer 0...764 :
Null pointer indication (NPI) :

Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding
Frequency justification of several STM-1 signals running into a
network node (Pointer Stuffing)
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
1 9 270
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
125s
250s
375s
500s
Start of VC-4
negative justification byte (data)
Pointer with
inverted D bits
New pointer
Actual pointer
Not Synchronous SDH Networks
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
9 261
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
20 x 13 bytes per row

C-4
140 Mbit/s
260
C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s
Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
Mapping 140 Mbit/s
W = I I I I I I I I
Y = RRRRRRRR X = CRRRROOO Z = I I I I I I SR
I = Information bit
S = Justification opportunity bit
R = Fixed stuffing bit
C = Justification control bit
O = Overhead bit
The figure shows one row of the VC-4
96 I W 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X
96 I X 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y
96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y
96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y
J1
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
260
fixed stuffing
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s
84
C-3
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
C3
34 Mbit/s
9 261
VC-3 #1
VC-3 #2
VC-3 #3
VC-4 POH
VC-3 POH
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
RSOH
MSOH
AU pointer
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
T
U
-
1
2

VC-12
Tu pointer
Mappings 2 Mbit/s
AU-4 Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

Z3

K3

Z5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261
A B C A B C A A B C
S

T

U

F

F

I

N

G

S

T

U

F

F

I

N

G

. ......
1 86 TUG-3
(A)
. ......
1 86
TUG-3
(C)
. ......
1 86 TUG-3
(B)
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
N
P
I

E3 F3 G3
S

T

U

F

F

I

N

G

S

T

U

F

F

I

N

G

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(A)
TU-12
#3
.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(B)
TU-12
#3
.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12
#1
TUG-2
(G)
TU-12
#3
.....
TUG-3
NPI: Null Pointer Indication
1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
frame
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)
V5
R
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
K4
R
N2
R
C1 C2 O O O O R R
S2 I I I I I I I
1
4
0

B
y
t
e
s

35 bytes
in one
VC-4
500 s
V5: VC-12 Path Overhead
R: fixed stuffing bits
J2: Path Trace
C1/2: Justification control bit
O: Overhead bit
N2: Network Operator byte
K4: APS
S2: Justification opportunity bit
I: Info-bit
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V1
XXX XX01
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V2
XXX XX10
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V3
XXX XX11
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
VC-12 Structure:
H4: Indicates the number of Vx
V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer
H4
H4
H4
H4
H4
VC-4 POH
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4c
J1
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-4c
F
i
x
e
d

S
t
u
f
f

F
i
x
e
d

S
t
u
f
f

F
i
x
e
d

S
t
u
f
f

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
The first Pointer indicates J1
All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
B3
VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation
ATM switch
SDH cross-connect for VC-4
ATM switch

150 Mbit/s

600 Mbit/s
In
Out
Out
In
Out
In
In
Out
VC-4-4c
STM-4c port
STM-4c port
STM-4 port
STM-4 port

150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
?
VC4
VC4
VC4
VC4
4 x
Different
delays for VC-4's?
622 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATM via
150 Mbit/s SDH ?
Generation:
All Pointers are set to the same value
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4vc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-4vc
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
F3
K3
N1
H4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 virtual Concatenation (Generation)
Termination:
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the
(different) pointer values for alignment

VC-4-4vc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-4vc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
F3
K3
N1
H4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #1
VC-4 #2
VC-4 #3
VC-4 #4
VC-4 virtual Concatenation (Termination)
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
AUG C-4
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
C-3
AU-3
x1
x3
x7
x7
x3
x1
STM-N
STS-3N
AU-4
STS-3C
VC-4
STS-3C
SPE
STS-1
VC-3
STS-1
SPE
TUG-2
VT
group
x3
xN
x1

x4
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
TU-11 VC-11
C-11
VT-1.5 VT-SPE
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
TU-12 VC-12
C-12
VT-2 VT-SPE
SDH
SONET
ITU-T G.707
BELLCORE GR.253
ANSI T1.105
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
TU-2 VC-2
C-2
VT-6 VT-SPE
x1
STM-0
STS-1
SDH and SONET are International Standards

SDH Network Elements
SDH Repeater
STM-n STM-n
Applications:
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
Terminal Multiplexer
STM-n
PDH &
STM-m
Tributaries
m<n
Applications:
Point-to-Point
Transmission Systems
(STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)
SDH Network Elements
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
ADM
......
WEST EAST
Add Drop Multiplexer
16x
16x
4x
4x
VC11
34
2
SDH
Multiplexer
VC 4
VC 3
VC 12
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
VC12

VC3

140
VC4

VC12

VC3
140
2
2
VC12
VC12
2
2
140
VC12
2
2
34
34
2
2
VC12
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC4
140
155
VC4
155 Mbit/s
Synchronous Cross Connect
Optical
Receive
Unit
Sync
DEMUX
4
4
4
4
Optical
Transmit
Unit
Sync
MUX
4
4
4
4
Management
Communication Unit
Service Channel Unit
Overhead
Processing Unit
Data
Channels
Service
Channels
PC / TMN (Q)
16 x 140 Mbit/s

or

16 x STM-1
16 x 140 Mbit/s

or

16 x STM-1
STM-16
STM-16
SLX 1/16
Synchronous Line Equipment
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
SDH
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADM
ADM
ATM
Switch
STM-4/-16
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and
New Technologies
Local Network
STM-4
STM-16
STM-1
Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber
Access
Mux
64/2M
Local
Exchange
Trunk Network
L 1
Trunk Network
L 2
SDH
Network Topology
Trunk
Network L 2
Synchronization Architecture in SDH
PRC
SSU
SSU
Primary Reference Clock
Synchronization Supply Unit
SDH Equipment Clock
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10
-11
typ : 5 x 10
-12

long term: holdover 24h:
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10
-8
, 1 x 10
-10
typ : 4 x 10
-11
, 2 x 10
-11

Synchronization Network
Limits:

Max. 10 x G.812 TNC
Max. 60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than
20 between 2 TNCs
G.811
PRC
G.812
TNC
G.812
TNC
G.813
SEC
G.813
SEC
G.813
SEC
SSU SSU
Synchronization reference model
Synchronous
SDH Signal
155 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
SDH Network Element
Osc.
Internal
Oscillator
4.6 ppm
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements
Phase error [ ns]
Observation interval [s]
0.01 1 100 10000
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Hold-over mode
Hold-over measured values (TIE)
ITU-T ANSI / Bellcore ETSI

Definitions G.810 T1.101 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-1
Network G.825 T1.105 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-3
Primary Reference Clocks G.811 T1.101 ETS 300 462-6
Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS 300 462-4
Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.813 (G.81s) GR-253 ETS 300 462-5
Which Recommendations define
Synchronization Networks
Monitoring, Maintenance and Control Functions
in SDH
LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of Signal
TSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence Error
LSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.
LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRef
OOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of Frame
LOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of Frame
B1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP Errors
B2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP Errors
MS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AIS
MS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.
MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.
AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of Pointer
AU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data Flag
AU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AIS
AU-PJE AU Pointer Just. Event
B3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP Errors
HP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP Unequipped
HP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.
HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.
PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.
HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. Mismatch
HP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label Mismatch
TU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of Pointer
TU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data Flag
TU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AIS
TU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP Unequipped
LP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.
LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.
LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
LP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.
M
u
x

S
e
c
t
.

P
h
y
s
.
/
R
e
g
.

S
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c
t
.

H
i
g
h
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r

O
r
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e
r

P
a
t
h

L
o
w
e
r

O
r
d
e
r

P
a
t
h

L
i
n
e

(
L
)

S
T
S

P
a
t
h

(
S
P
)

V
T

P
a
t
h

(
V
P
)

P
h
y
s
.
/
S
e
c
t
i
o
n

LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610
HCOR Correctable Header Errors
HUNC Uncorrectable Header Errors
VP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610
VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610
VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610
VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610
Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)
Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)
LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610
A
T
M

P
a
t
h

EVENTS SDH EVENTS SONET
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a trans-
mission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
Payload
RSOH
MSOH
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
Payload
AU-PTR
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t

S
i
d
e

BIP-8 B1
frame n frame n+1
Parity Supervison Procedure
Parity Supervison Procedure
Comparison
with the Tx side value

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t

S
i
d
e

BIP-8 B1
frame n frame n+1
BIP-8 B1
R
e
c
e
i
v
e

S
i
d
e

frame n+1 frame n
recalculation at Rx side
Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered
Field width: BIP-24: 24 bits (B2)
BIP-8: 8 bits (B1, B3)
BIP-2: 2 bits (V5)
Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"
BIP-24
801
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1
2
3
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3
even numbers of "1"
Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)
How to Built a Parity Byte ?
LOS/LOF
RS-TIM
BIP Err.
"1"
AIS
MS-AIS
"1"
MS-BIP Err.
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
AIS
"1"
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REI
HP-RDI
"1"
AIS
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
LOM
HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDI
LP-PLM
"1"
"1"
"1"
AIS
AIS
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex
Section
Higher Order
Path
Lower Order
Path
(J0)
(B1)
(K2)
(B2)
(M1)
(K2)
(C2)
(J1)
(B3)
(G1)
(G1)
(H4)
(C2)
(V5)
(J2)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
SDH Maintenance Interactions
LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10
-3
or worse
OOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us
LOF If OOF persists of 3ms
B1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames
MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110
MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks
AU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer
AU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more frames
HP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatch
HP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatch
HP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence

HP-RDI G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3
HP-REI G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors

Maintenance Signal Definitions (1)
TU-AIS All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointer
TU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 frames
LP-TIM VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatch
LP-SLM VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatch
BIP-2 Err Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)
LP-RDI V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure received
LP-REI V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2
LP-RFI V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared

Abbreviations:

AU Administration unit
HP High path
LOF Loss of frame
LOM Loss of miltiframe
LOP Loss of pointer
LOS Loss of signal
LP Low path
OOF Out of frame
REI Remote error indication (FEBE)
RDI Remote defect indication (FERF)
RFI Remote failure indication
SLM Signal label mismatch

TIM Trace identifier
TU Tributary unit
UNEQ Unequipped
VC Virtual
C container
Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block

SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocks
or > 1 defect

BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring as
part of SES
ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with > 1 bit error

SES Severely Errored Second Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3
UAS Unavailable Seconds:
Time
10 sec 10 sec
< 10
sec
Unavailable Seconds
Unavailability
detected
Availability
detected
Perfomance Parameter
ITU-T G.821
Jitter and Wander
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . .
Time Line
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Bit Sequence
1 UI
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Actual Signal
(with Jitter
and Wander)
Phase Variations (Jitter or Wander) in a Digital Transmission System
Jitter and Wander Definitions
Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter
Sources of Jitter and Wander
Pattern
Clock
Signal
Input
Ext. Reference Clock Input
(Wander Measurement)
Clock
Input
N
1
f
f
V
V
Pattern-Clock
Converter
Frequency
Divider
Phase Detector
Phase Detector
~ 1 Hz
Filters
HP LP
Peak-to-Peak
Detector
Low Pass Filter VCO
Jitter
and
Wander

Reference Clock Generator (PLL)
Result
Evaluation
Jitter and Wander Measurement Method
Amplitude / dB
Frequency / Hz
10 Hz
STM-1: 500 Hz 65 kHz 1.3 MHz
STM-4: 1 kHz 250 kHz 5 MHz
STM-16: 5 kHz 1 MHz 20 MHz
High
Frequency
Jitter
Jitter
including
lower
Frequency
Components
Total
Jitter
Wander
Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813
Max. Jitter Amplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI
Jitter Measurement Filters
Jitter
Amplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Jitter / UIpp
Time
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
Network output jitter (G.825)

Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)

Jitter transfer function (G.958)

Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)
Jitter and Wander Measurements
Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

TIE "Time Interval Error"

MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"

TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of
integration time. Provides information about the
spectral content.

TVAR "Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV "Allen Deviation"

MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"
Definitions specified in ITU-T Rec. G.810
WANDER Definitions
MTIE
Observation Period
Start
End
Wander / UI
Time
TIE at t End
TIE max
TIE min
T
i
m
e

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n

a
g
a
i
n
s
t

r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

TIE and MTIE Definitions
Results (MTIE) compared to Standards
Network resilience
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
Linear Protection (G.783)
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
Linear Protection (G.783)
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
Traffic A -> B
Traffic B -> A
Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B
uses the entire length of ring
Bidirectional Ring
- use the shorter or longer path
- increase number of paths
- short path : traffic
long path : protection
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
Traffic A -> B
B -> A
longer
path
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
B
F
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
working
protection
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
working
protection
Two fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
working
protection
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
(BLSR)
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Tributary
A
B
F
C
D
E
Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
TMN in SDH networks
Network Management
Basic tasks of network management:

Administrative functions:

Operation: Network supervising (anomalies, defects)
Network linking (reserve links, additional links)

Maintenance: Identifing and elimination of impairments

Planning and commissioning: Network configuration

Operative functions: Supervision of network functions
Repair
Installation
Self test

TMN Overlay
CC CC
Central
OS
Local
OS
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
Q ECC
ADM
A
D
M
A
D
M

ADM
Q ECC

Performance
Faults
Configuration
Accounting
Security
Management of :
DXC DXC
Central
OS
Local
OS
X X
Q3
Q3
Q3
Q ECC
ADM
A
D
M
A
D
M

ADM
Q ECC
Central
OS
NE
Manager
NE
Manager
Q3
Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN
STM-N
STM-N STM-N
Telecommunication Management Network
(TMN) Overlay
TMN Reference Configuration
Operating
System
OS
Mediation
Device
MD
Network
Element
NE
Data Communication Network
DCN
Network
Element
NE
F
F
F
Q3
Q3
Q2 or Q1
Qx
Q3
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
MD: Conversion between different interfaces
(Information Conversion Function ICF:
manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)
Local Communication Network
LCN
QMonitor provides
easy adaptation to the interface
(autoconfiguration)
decoding of protocols and management
information
automatic detection of errors in management
information
SDH/SONET Qecc access with transmission
analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)
QMonitor
based on
DominoWAN
DominoLAN
DA-30
TMN
Operations
System
TMN
Operations
System
Qecc
Qecc
Qecc
Q3
Q3
X X
Interoperability problems because of
multi vendor networks
heterogenous technology
different standards for protocols and
management information
Interoperability in TMN
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility
Lower maintenance costs
built-in defect and anomaly monitoring
Future proof equipment
SDH is the physical layer for BISDN
Efficient drop / insert facilities
ADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)
TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
More flexibility in provision of services
adding transmission capacity by routing on demand
SDH Benefits
Pirelli : WaveMux 3200
32 x OC-48 channels
80Gbit/s over 1200km
40 x OC-48 channels
100Gbit/s over 600km
Ciena :
There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96
Current Systems :
4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)
Future Trends - WDM Systems
ADM
Optical D&I
Local Traffic
2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
l1, l2, l3, l4
l2
l1, l2, l3, l4
l2
WDM WDM
STM-N,
OC-N
STM-N,
OC-N
Extract selectively
Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
Future Trends - Optical Components
STM-16c
VC2-5c
PoS
STM-64
DWDM
Future
Trends
in
Synchronous
Technology
TMN
Please name the PDH bitrates !
Please explain stuffing !
When will stuffing be applied ?
What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ?
What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ?
Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?
Why not ?
Please name the SDH bitrates !
Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
Lets summarize !
Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !
What is a parity byte ?
Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
Which parity bytes do you know ?
Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
What is a pointer ?
What is a pointer used for ?
Lets summarize !
Please name the SDH network elements !
What are they used for ?
Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
What is a holdover mode ?
Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
Please explain Jitter and Wander !
How can jitter be defined ?
Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
Please explain the term TDEV ?
Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
Lets summarize !
Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !
Explain these measurements !
Please explain the methods of linear protection !
What kind of ring structures do you know ?
Please explain DWDM !
What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
How is the TMN interface called ?
Lets summarize !

SDH Networks

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Communications Test Solutions 1

Current transmission technologies (PDH)

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