results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem.
*Technical reports are today a major source of scientific and technical information. *The systematic and objective communication of factual information to achieve a specific purpose or purposes (Romero, LLanes and Ricafranca, 1985)
*Typical examples of technical report are research papers, theses, feasibility studies, proposals and professional journals which all follow a formal format.
To communicate facts and to achieve desired response from top decision makers (be it a sound decision on a pay hike for employees and an allotment of budget for next years sports fest, or giving utility personnel entitlement to a birthday leave with pay). As a technical report writer, you need to have a good start - - be organized, mentally alert, objective and motivated. 1. Format - logical presentation sequence, attractive appearance, appropriate visuals.
2. Contents substance of the report and the right choice of words.
3. Impact desired general effect to reader and achievement of report objective. *Is your language simple, accurate and clear?
*Are the facts and data you presented relevant to the subject?
*Is the flow or sequence of your report logically presented? Is it well-planned? Are the important points supported by evidences and clear illustrations? *Does your report meet the information requirement of the reader or adaptable to his level of understanding?
*Does your report sound persuasive and leading the reader to action ?
Use impersonal tone. This means, you need to use the third person, there is no reference to I, you, us, or ours. *Research Papers *Theses *Feasibility Studies *Conduct a research if you wish to answer a specific problem
*Analyze a perspective or argue a point.
*Present your own thinking BACKED UP by others' ideas and information.
*Expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument 1. Pick a topic
2. Do your research
3. Draft your outline
4. Write a draft
5. Revise and edit to produce a final product *Before you can even begin researching, you need to know what to look for. You want your topic to be neither too broad nor too narrow to cover in the length of the paper you need to write. You will also want to make sure the topic is something you are interested on. If your topic is too esoteric, you may find yourself struggling to find sources online or at your local library. *You can pick a topic by brainstorming ideas, and then doing some preliminary research to make sure that information exists on the topic and that the scope of the topic is appropriate for your paper. Brainstorming may involve just sitting down and jotting ideas, or you may want to use a more structured form of brainstorming in which you draw a mind map or use clustering. *Once you have selected a topic, it is time to do your research. The web is a great starting point, and in many cases may be sufficient to provide you with all the information you need to write a great paper. When using internet sources, be careful to make sure they are authoritative. Your professor may not be happy if you turn in a research paper and cite your next door neighbors blog as the main resource you used to write it. Sites that end in .edu, .gov or.org are a great place to start. *Old fashioned books are also invaluable sources of information, and your local librarian can help you peruse the collection or card catalog if you dont know where to look. Most libraries have their collections indexed online now anyway, so you may be able to still do much of your work over the internet. *Regardless of whether you use print or internet sources, make sure you keep track of where the information is coming from. Keep your research organized by topic or subtopic for your paper, but note which source each individual piece of research comes from. Write down all possible information you may need about your source to cite it correctly, whether you are using APA or MLA format *Before you begin writing, youll want to outline what you are going to write about. Create an outline that highlights the research paper and the topic heading of each paragraph. Include note to yourself in the outline about which research points you are going to use each paragraph. Make sure the ideas flow smoothly and that your paper is supported and explored in each paragraph. *Using your outline, write a preliminary draft of your paper. Few writers can sit down and write something perfect the first time around, so this is your chance to make mistakes and errors and still produce a great final product. Work from your outline, and make sure you attribute anything you are putting in your paper to the appropriate source.
*Some research papers require in-text citations, which means that you must attribute ideas right in your paper. For example, you might write According to YourDictionary.com, the definition of or you could write the definition of (Your Dictionary).
*The last step is producing your final product. Youll want to revise and edit your draft for content, structure, clarity, spelling and grammar. Make sure your paper is free of errors, and dont count on spell-check to catch every detail. Make sure all of your citations are correct and that the paper is formatted properly. *a proposition stated or put forward for consideration, especially one to be discussed and proved or to be maintained against objections.
*a dissertation on a particular subject in which one has done original research, as one presented by a candidate for a diploma or degree. *Thesis writing is an important part of every academic undertaking. *Requires research work but in a highly technical method *History *Descriptive *Experimental
*Published researches, previous experiences
*Basis in relating the problem you are interested in.
*Past data give concrete reference to strategies that have been successfully or unsuccessfully tried.
*Help find better ways in doing things in present *Determines and reports the way things are.
*You collect data to test hypotheses or show correlation or answer questions relating to your present study.
*This can be in the form of case studies, surveys, developmental studies, follow-up studies , documentary analyses, trend analyses and correlational studies *Directed by at least one hypothesis.
*Conduct experiment and apply certain treatment to confirm or disconfirm the experimental process. *Title Page *Approval Sheet *Abstract *Acknowledgment *Dedication *Table of Contents *List of Tables *List of Figures
INITIAL PAGES *TITLE PAGE The following information needs to be on the title page:
*The title (and possibly the subtitle) of your thesis *Whether it is a Bachelors thesis or a Masters thesis *Faculty and department *First name and surname of the author(s) *Place and date of completion
*APPROVAL SHEET *This is to prove that the authors have passed the requirements needed for the thesis. *This is signed by the thesis/FS adviser, panel and the Dean.
*ABSTRACT *An abstract presents a brief summary of your thesis. *The aim of the abstract is to briefly provide the reader with the most important information from the entire text. *An abstract never contains new information. *This summary is no longer than 2 pages. *ACKNOWLEDGMENT *This is a page focused on expressing gratitude to organizations, agencies or individuals who, in one way or another, have aided the researchers in finishing the thesis *DEDICATION *This is the page for dedicating the thesis to certain people or groups who have inspired the researchers while doing the thesis.
*TABLE OF CONTENTS *The table of contents is essentially a topic outline of the thesis.
* It is compiled by listing the headings in the thesis down to whichever level you choose. *LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES *Include a list of figures (illustrations) and a list of tables if you have one or more items in these categories.
*Use a separate page for each list.
*List the number, caption, and page number of every figure and table in the body of the thesis. TITLE OF CHAPTERS I. Introduction II. Review of Related Literature and Studies III.Methodology IV.Results and Discussion V. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION *Background of the Study *This segment consists of statements on what led the investigator to launch the study. *A historical background may be given. *Situations that may have spurred the researcher to undertake the study are included. *The background of the study may have been generated by some empirical observations, the need to explore the problem and some other relevant conditions *SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY *The significance of the study will mainly focus on the question Who will benefit from the study?.
*This section will state the contribution of your study and the usefulness of your study in the society.
*STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM *The problem must be reflected to your title or the readers must know your problem by just simply reading your topic.
*The problem must not be answerable by yes or no and must be arranged in the flow of your documentation or study.
*CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK *A conceptual framework elaborates the research problem in relation to relevant literature. This section may summarize the major (dependent and independent) variables in your research. The framework may be summarized in a schematic diagram that presents the major variables and their hypothesized relationships. It should also cover the following: *Existing research and its relevance for your topic *Key ideas or constructs in your approach *Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem. *Conceptualized relationships between variables *Independent variables (presumed cause) *Dependent variables (presumed effect) *Intervening variables (other variables that influence the effect of the independent variable) *HYPOTHESES * a statement that can be proved or disproved. It is typically used in quantitative research and predicts the relationship between variables. *SCOPE OF LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION *The scope is mainly the coverage of your study and the Delimitation is the limitation of your study or topic. *DEFINITION OF TERMS *The definition of terms must be arranged in alphabetically. It must be also stated if you used your definition of terms in technically or operationally. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and Studies *RELATED LITERATURE *In this part you must get your data and information from any books, magazines, and news papers. You must label your published material with local or foreign.
1. Must be also organized to cover specific problems. 2. Must take all the evidences about the problem with the authors experiences. 3. As much as possible, get the latest published materials. Avoid old published materials. 4. It must be related to your topic. If not, do not get it. 5. On the last part of this part you must have a statement how this old published material helps the researcher in their current study and relate it to your study.
*RELATED STUDIES *In this part you must get your data and information from unpublished material such as previous or old study, research or thesis. In some format, you must label your unpublished material with local or foreign.
1. This should be organized to cover the specific problems. 2. You must take note all of the evidences that the previous researcher came up. 3. The unpublished material should not be older than 5 years if possible. 4. It must be related to your topic. If not, do not get it. 5. On the last part of this part you must have a statement how this old unpublished material helps the researcher in their current study and relate it to your study. CHAPTER III Methodology *RESEARCH DESIGN *The appropriate research design should be specified and described. *RESEARCH LOCALE *Describe the population of interest and the sampling of subjects used in the study. *SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
*Describe the processing and treatment of data
*RESEARCH INSTRUMENT *Describe the instrument and what it will measure.
*State qualifications of informants if used in the study. *DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE *Describe how instrument will be administered. *STATISTICAL ANALYSIS *Discuss how the validity and the reliability will be established. Specify the level of reliability (probability). CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion *PRESENTATION OF DATA *Present the findings of the study in the order of the specific problem as stated in the statement of the Problem. *Present the data in these forms: *Tabular *Textual *Graphical (optional)
*ANALYSIS OF DATA *Data may be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study.
*Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid table reading.
*State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences, *INTERPRETATION OF DATA *Establish interconnection between and among data *Check for indicators whether hypothesis/es is/are supported or not by findings. *Link the present findings with the previous literature. *Use parallel observations with contemporary events to give credence presented in the introduction.
CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations *SUMMARY OF FINDINGS *This describes the problem, research design, and the findings (answer to the questions raised). The recommended format is the paragraph form instead of the enumeration form. *For each of the problems, present: *The salient findings, *The results of the hypothesis tested
*CONCLUSIONS *These are brief, generalized statements in answer to the general and each of the specific sub- problems. *These contain generalized in relation to the population. These are general inferences applicable to a wider and similar population. *Flexibility is considered in making of conclusions. It is not a must to state conclusions on a one-to-one correspondence with the problems and the findings as all variables can be subsume in one paragraph.
*RECOMMENDATIONS *They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study. *Recommendations may be specific or general or both. They may include suggestions for further studies. *They should be in non-technical language. *They should be feasible, workable, flexible, doable, adaptable. *Citing the ideas of others *Include all the references used in the thesis *It must mention the title of work, authors, year of publication and other important details *Alphabetically arranged. *supplemental to a thesis in nature and, when included, appear after the references/bibliography. *Examples of material included in appendices are as follows: *interview questions *participant letters / forms *surveys / questionnaires (if not your own, these require copyright permission to be included)
*Prepared to test the profitability or non-profitability of a proposed product or business
*Requires research to prove the projects market, technical and financial viability A. Introduction B. Brief Description of the Project C. Marketing Aspect * D. Technical Aspect * E. Financial Aspect * F. Economic Aspect G. Executional Aspect * Complete name of the proponent
* Name of the business or enterprise
* Address of the business
* Rationale or the need for establishing the business in the area
* Socio-economic benefits of the project *Name of the Proposed Business: E & J Farms
*Nature of the business: Hogs Production
*Type of business organization: Sole Proprietorship
*Location of the project: Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite In the Philippines, pork is one of the basic foods which Filipinos eat. It is one of the best sources of protein needed by the body to be strong and healthy. That is why a need for a farm arises. The proposed business will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. 72% of its residents are engaged in agriculture, taking advantage of its good location which best suits the proposed business. The said business will increase rate of employment through providing job opportunities to those people who were unable to attain higher education. 1. Nature of the Firm
2. Place of Business
3. The type and capacity of equipment or plant to be set up (if there is one)
4. Type of business and ownership
5. Major Assumptions 1. *Specify the *Product or services the firm intends to provide *Product to be manufactured
*Describe briefly the physical properties of the product. *Examples *Products * Milled rice * By-product * Straw hull *Services * Milling * Storage * Threshing * Drying 2. *Include the following *Head office *Branch location of the intended business or project *Exact location of the plant (Use location maps as an aid for evaluation)
3. *Specify the kind of equipment, its purpose, its model, and its capacity.
4. *Is your business a: *sole proprietorship or sole ownership? *partnership? *corporation ? *cooperative? *franchise? 5. *Indicate the major assumption to prove the viability of putting up the business. 1. Investment cost a. Equipment and machinery (acquisition cost) b. Building c. Land d. Installation
2. Fixed Expenses a. Depreciation b. Interest c. Repairs and maintenance d. Taxes e. Licenses f. Other charges g. Insurance costs h. Amortization
3. Variable Expenses a. Labor b. Operating expenses (fuel consumption, handling expenses)
4. Miscellaneous Expenses (amount allotted for contingencies in the operation based on a percentage of the variable cost) C. *In every feasibility study, the marketing aspect is meant to establish the: *ANNUAL QUANTITY of the product which is expected to be sold by the project in the future *SELLING PRICE at which the product can be sold *MARKETING PROGRAM to be adopted to sell the given quantity at a given price. D. *The purpose of this aspect of the study is to: *select the manufacturing process *machinery capacity and design *machinery supplier *plant location and layout *structure and specifications *materials *utilities specifications *sources *Describe the: *highlights of the business with respect to the quantity *quality and the manufacturing cost of the end product.
*Mention also if advantageous modern techniques are to be employed.
E. *Evaluate or estimate the: *future profitability *cash transactions *financial condition of the project.
*Differentiate the sets of such estimates based on varying assumptions. This will help pinpoint the most commercially feasible combination of project specification. F. *Your business should not only be PROFITABLE. It should as well be SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE and BENEFICIAL. Your business should therefore, generate employment from the community and bring in revenues to the government. *The proposed business will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. 72% of its residents are engaged in agriculture, taking advantage of its good location which best suits the proposed business. The said business will increase rate of employment through providing job opportunities to those people who were unable to attain higher education.
*In putting up a business, registration of business is necessary to have permits and license from the government office. These, along with taxes are then paid as the business operates. Taxes form part of the government revenues that help to support the needs of the public. *The proposed business will employ people who have knowledge about agriculture preferably those who are living within the adjacent area of the location of the proposed business. These employees will receive fair compensation according to their qualifications and performance. Salaries are based on the minimum wage set by the government. *Increase in population will result in increase in demand for food, which also means an increase in demand for pork in the area. With the continuous operation of the business, the employees will be helped to uplift the standard of their living. *In order for the business to operate legally, it must comply with the government requirements as follows: *Mayors Permit *Business Permit *Certificate of Non-Coverage and other Municipal Licenses *Environmental Compliance Certificate Registration with the SSS, Philhealth and PAG-IBIG. *Registration with Bureau of Internal Revenue. *It will satisfy the customers need. *It will ensure the customers the of the Farms product. G. *This means project scheduling using the PERT-CPM and the Gantt Chart. This also includes the best business financial scheme for the project, including the funding for personnel and their compensation and benefits. *
*
- it states the demand for the product or services and the supply based on the existing industry capacities.
- it should show the following: Demand Analysis Supply Analysis Production Requirement - it is used to know what the buyers desire. - a detailed review of how the available quantity of a product is affected by changes in demand, input factors and production techniques.
The sum of authorized stock levels and pipeline needs less stocks expected to become available, stock on hand, stocks due in, returned stocks, and stocks from salvage, reclamation, rebuild, and other sources. - it is ascertained if you will engage in any manufacturing business. - this aspect seeks to establish the workability or technical soundness of your business by interfacing the demand with the available resources and technology. A.Business location shown through maps to indicate the exact strategic location. Also, determine the adequacy of manpower, availability and power source, proximity to market and raw materials, and accessibility to transportation and market. B. Services offered by the project, including the physical and chemical attributes, raw materials.
C.Machineries and utilities required including the fuel, water, electricity and other alternative technical description of the project, including the physical characteristics and advantages. Indicate the acquisition cost, economic life span, rated capacities and fuel consumption of the machineries. Justify the type of machine and process to be adopted in the production process. D.Building structure, citing the type of support facilities and materials to be used in the construction. Include the layout/floor plan to show the overall arrangement of equipment, stock room and other accessories required in facilitating the business operation.
E. Manufacturing process should be illustrated through flowcharts and or diagrams to give a simplified reference guide of the operations of the plant and the types of product and services that will be offered by the product.