Chapter 2

Matter and Change

p. 38
Describing Matter
Properties:
1) Extensive depends on amt of matter in
sample
- exs. mass, volume, calories,
magnetism
2) Intensive depends on type of matter, not
amt.
- Hardness, Density, B.P.
- All samples of same substance have
same intensive props. (same
composition)

Identifying Substances
Physical Properties- observed &
measured w/o changing
composition
color, hardness, m.p., b.p.
Chemical Properties- observed by
changing comp of material
ability to burn, decompose,
ferment, react w/, etc.
States of matter
1) Solid- cannot flow (definite
shape & volume)
2) Liquid- definite vol - takes shape
of container (flows)
3) Gas- w/o definite vol or shape &
flows
Vapor- gaseous but normally liquid or solid @
room temp
water gas, or water vapor?
Three Main Phases page 41
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Definite
Volume?
YES
YES
NO
Definite
Shape?
YES
NO
NO
Result of a
Temperature
Increase?
Small
Expans.
Small
Expans.
Large
Expans.
Will it
Compress?
Not
easily
YES
Not
easily
4
th
state: Plasma - formed at hi
temps; ionized phase of matter
(Sun)
Solid
Liquid Gas
Melt
Evaporate
Condense
Freeze
Sublime
Deposition
Physical vs. Chemical Change
Physical change changes visible
appearance w/o changing comp of
material
Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack
Is boiled water still water?
Reversible, or irreversible
Chemical change - change where
new substance formed
Rust, burn, decompose, ferment
Section 2.2 Mixtures
p. 44
Mixture - physical blend of 2+
components
1) Heterogeneous uniform in comp
Choc chip cookie, gravel, soil
2) Homogeneous - same comp thruout
(solutions)
Kool-aid, air, salt water
Every part keeps own props
Solutions - homogeneous mixtures
Mixed molecule by molecule, so
too small to see diff pts
occurs btwn any state of matter:
gas-gas; liquid-gas; gas-liquid;
solid-liquid; solid-solid (alloys)
Steel (Fe, Cr & Ni)

Phase?
phase describes any pt of
sample w/ uniform comp of
properties
A homogeneous mixture consists
of a single phase
A heterogeneous mixture
consists of two or more phases.
Note Figure 2.6, page 45
Separating Mixtures
Some by physical means:
rocks & marbles, iron filings &
sulfur (magnet)
Differences in physical props
used to separate mixtures
Filtration - separates solid from
liquid in hetero mix. (by size)
Figure 2.7, page 46
Separation of a Mixture
Distillation: takes advantage of different boiling pts.
NaCl boils at 1415
o
C
H
2
O boils at 100
o
C
Mg boils at 1107
o
C
Separation of a Mixture
Components of dyes such as ink may be
separated by paper chromatography.
Chromatography
video
Forensic Ink Analysis
Applications of Chromatography
2 Greek words:
chroma "color" and graphein "to write"
Biological labs:
ID amino acids
detects drugs in urine
Environmental labs:
ID contaminants in waste oil
pesticides in groundwater
test drinking water & test air quality
Pharmaceutical companies
prepare quantities of extremely pure materials.
Food industry
ID contaminants like aflatoxin
naturally occurring toxin produced by fungus

Sec 2.3 Elements &
Compounds p. 48
Substances are
either:
a) elements, or
b) compounds
Pure
Substances
Element
Compound
Simplest
matter
1 type
of atom
Cannot be
broken
down
Broken down
by
chemical
methods
different
props than
elements
2+ atoms
chemically
combined
Compounds v.s. Mixtures
Mixtures
Made of more than
one kind of material
Made by a
physical change

Variable
composition
Compounds
Made of one kind
of material
Made by a
chemical change
Definite
composition
Which is it?
Element
Compound
Mixture
Chemical Change
1+ substances
are converted
into different
substances.
Heat & light
often indicate
chem chg
A chemical change chg producing
matter w/ diff. comp than original matter
Classification of Matter
Symbols &
Formulas
118 elements
1 - 2 letter symbol
1
st
letter CAP; 2
nd

letter lowercase
B, Ba, C, Ca
Some names Latin
Table 2.2, page 52
cmpds have formula
H
2
O, NaCl, C
12
H
22
O
11


Chemical Changes
Chemical property - ability of
substance to undergo specific
chem change
Fe + O = rust
rusting - chem prop of Fe
During chem chge comp of
matter always changes
Sec 2.4 Chemical Rxns p. 53
Chemical Rxns are
When 1+ substances changed
into new substances
Reactants- start w/
Products- end w/
Products have NEW PROPS diff
from reactants
Arrow points from reactants to
new products
Recognizing Chemical Changes
1) Energy absorbed/released (temp
changes hotter/colder)
2) Color changes
3) Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or
odor change; smoke)
4) precipitate forms - solid separates
from solution (wont dissolve)
5) Irreversibility - not easily reversed
Some exs not chem boiling water
bubbles, choc syrup in milk, etc.
Conservation of Mass
During any chem rxn,
product mass = reactant
mass
All mass accounted for:
Burning wood results in
products that appear to
have less mass (ashes).
CO
2
& H
2
O vapor
Law of conservation
of mass
- Page 55
reactants
= product
43.43 g Original mass
= 43.43 g Final mass