8-1 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.

01/EN January, 2000

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Section 8
Procedures
8-2 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Learning the basic procedures, the main call procedures,
mobility and roaming features that GSM operates.
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
List the GSM procedures that can be activated
from MS switch-on until MS switch-off
Explain the main procedures: cell selection, location update,
call set-up, call release, handover
Objectives
8-3 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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1- Descriptors that GSM uses.
2- GSM s actors
3 - Procedures:
Cell selection
Immediate Assignment
Location updates
- Registration
- Intra-VLR and Inter-VLR
- IMSI attach/detach
Authentication
Ciphering
Mobile Originating call
Mobile Terminating call
- Paging
- End to end
Call release
- MS initiated
- PSTN initiated
Handovers
Contents
8-4 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Mobile
Country
Code

3 digits
Mobile
Network
Code

2/3 digits
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN)
8 digits: H1 H2 X X X X X X
Location Area Code
LAC
Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity

4 octets
G S M
Global GSM Mobility
Card
The Smart Card to use
MCC
=
208 (France)
234 (G-B)
MNC
=
01 (FTM)
10 (SFR)
20 (Bytel)
Descriptors Stored in SIM-Card
IMSI = 15 digits max
NMSI
LAI
Mobile
Country
Code

3 digits
Mobile
Network
Code

2/3 digits
8-5 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Country
Code
CC
National
Destination
Code
Subscriber Number (SN)
Roaming Number (RN)
HO-number
Must be dialed to
make a call to
mobile subscriber
Is a PSTN-like
number to track
the MS which
hands over to
another MSC during
call-in-state
Is a PSTN-like
number used to
reach a roaming
MS
CC = 33 (France)
NDC = 607, 608, 604 (FTM)
= 609, 603 (SFR)
= 660, 661, 618 (Bytel)
Descriptors Stored in the Network
M1 M2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Country
Code
CC
National
Destination
Code
Country
Code
CC
National
Destination
Code
MS-ISDN
MSRN
8-6 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Type Approval
Code
TAC FAC SNR
SP
Final Assembly
Code
Serial NumbeR (SPare)
IMEI enables the operator to check
the Mobile Equipment Identity
at call setup and make sure
that no stolen or unauthorized MS
is used in the GSM network
Descriptor Embodied in the MS
8-7 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
BTS
BSS
BSC
GSM s Actors
Fixed subscriber
Mobile subscriber
AUC
HLR
VLR
MSC
NSS
8-8 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS-2
BTS-1
This cell
BTS-3
BTS-4
BTS-5
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
Purpose: get synchronization
with the GSM network
prior establishing any communication.
Cell Selection
1
8-9 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Immediate Assignment
MS BSC MSC
CM SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH or TCH
6
CHANNEL REQUEST
RACH
1
BTS
CHANNEL REQUIRED
2
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
3
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
AGCH
5
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
COMMAND
5
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
ACK.
4
Immediate
Assignment
LOCATION UPDAT. REQU.
SDCCH or TCH
6
OR
8-10 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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LAI
HLR
IMSI
VLR id
TMSI
IMSI
TMSI
Release
VLR
IMSI
TMSI
LAI
MSC
BTS
BSS
BSC
Registration: the Very First Location Update
2
3
5
1
2
6
1
2
3
5
6
4
3
TMSI
5
8-11 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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VLR
IMSI
TMSI
LAI
1 1
2
3
4
new TMSI
TMSI + old LAI
2
3
4
2
3
TMSI
New TMSI
New LAI
MSC
BTS
BSS
BSC
Intra-VLR Location Update
IMSI not Required
8-12 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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New LAI
newTMSI
TMSI + old LAI
TMSI
New TMSI
MSC
BSS
BTS
BSC
Inter-VLR Location Update
1
1
2
5
7
2
5
7
2
IMSI,TMSI
LAI
New VLR
IMSI, TMSI
Old LAI
Old VLR
RAND, SRES,
Kc
HLR
new
VLR id
subscriber
data
3
4
6
6
5
IMSI not Required
RAND, SRES,
Kc
8-13 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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MSC BTS
BSS
BSC
IMSI Attach
VLR
3
4
5
4
6
1
CHANNEL
REQUEST
2
IMMEDIATE
ASSIGNMENT
LOCATION UPDATING
REQUEST (IMSI Attach)
3
5
LOCATION UPDATING
ACCEPT (LAC, TMSI)
4
Authentication
Procedure
8-14 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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IMSI Detach
MSC
BTS
BSS
BSC
VLR
1
CHANNEL
REQUEST
2
IMMEDIATE
ASSIGNMENT
IMSI DETach
INDication
3
4
CHANNEL
RELEASE
IMSI DETach
INDication
3
8-15 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Authentication
1 - Principle
= ?
NSS
RAND = RANDom number
SRES = Signed RESponse
Kc = Ciphering Key
Ki = Identification Key
RAND
Kc
RAND (128 bits)
SIM card
G S M
Global GSM Mobility
Card
The Smart Card to use
A8
A3
Ki Ki
A3
A8
MS
AUC
(A3 and A8)
(RAND, SRES, Kc)
SRES
SRESm
(32 bits)
SRESm
CIPHER
MODE
Ki (128 bits)
Ki (128 bits)
A3
A8
A3
A8
BSS
OK
Radio
Interface
Kc
8-16 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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A3
Ki
RAND
SRESm
Purpose:
Avoid logging of lost,
stolen or
forgery SIM-Cards.
5
Triplets
3
AUC
(A3 and A8)
(RAND, SRES, Kc)
HLR
MSC
BTS
BSS
BSC
4
SRESm
6
1
1
4
6
4
6
SRESm
Authentication
2 - Procedure
7
Ciphering
Command
7
CIPHER
MODE
3
2
VLR
SRESm = SRES ?
S
R
E
S
m

6
7
4
8-17 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Ciphered
data
MS BTS
Radio
interface
Frame Number
(22 bits)
Kc (64 bits)
+
Kc (64 bits)
Ciphering
1 - Principle
+
+
+
: exclusive-or
+
A5 A5
Frame Number
(22 bits)
Block
(114 bits)
Data to transmit
Received data Data to transmit
Received data
Block
(114 bits)
Block
(114 bits)
Block
(114 bits)
8-18 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS
BSS
BSC
VLR
(Rand, SRES, Kc)
A5
Kc
TDMA#
+
A8
Ki
Rand
Kc
MSC
Kc
Kc
2
Ciphered
data
5
Ciphering
2 - Procedure
SET CIPHER MODE
(Kc)
1
3
CIPHER MODE COMMAND
4
CIPHER MODE COMPLETE
CIPHER MODE
COMPLETE
6
Purpose: avoid communication to be tapped.
!azeq?tcyui
p?sdq!f? j
sdf!? okgrh
8-19 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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FT
GREAT BRETAIN FRANCE GERMANY
Telephone
network
Terminating
MSC
BSC
BTS
BSS
VLR
Gateway
MSC
HLR
Outgoing call
8-20 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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ACM = Address Complete Message
ANM = ANswer Message
IAM = Initial Address Message
MS
BSS MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
1
PSTN
CM SERVICE REQUEST
2
CM SERVICE REQUEST
2
CALL PROCEEDING
7 CALL PROCEEDING
7
Assignment procedure 7
IAM
6
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
2
ACM
8
VLR
Ring
ANM
10
ALERTING
9
SETUP (basic) or
EMERGENCY
4
SETUP
4
CONNECT
11
CONNECT ACKnowledge
11
Authentication procedure 3
Ciphering procedure 3
5
Dialing
Ringing
Path
Established
Ringing
Mobile Originating Call
Sending
Number
8-21 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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FT
GREAT BRETAIN FRANCE GERMANY
Telephone
network
Terminating
MSC
BSC
BTS
BSS
VLR
Gateway
MSC
HLR
Incoming Call
8-22 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BSC1
BSC2
BSC3
PSTN
LA1
LA2
BTS11
BTS21
BTS22
BTS31
BTS12
BTS23
4
3
5
1
HLR
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
2
5
6
6
Mobile Terminating Call
1 - Paging Principle
8-23 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Home PLMN
GMSC
HLR
Routing
Information
(MSRN)
6
Mobile Terminating Call
2 - Detailed Paging Procedure
IAM : Initial Address Message
MSISDN : Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital network Number
MSRN : Mobile Station Roaming Number
IMSI : International Mobile Subscriber Identity
GMSC : Gateway MSC
VMSC : Visitor MSC
TMSI : Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
PN
International
SS7
ISDN
Visitor PLMN
VMSC
VLR
BSS
IAM (MSRN)
7
IAM
(MSISDN)
2
Send
Routing
Information
(MSISDN)
3
Provide Roaming Number
(IMSI)
4
PAGE
(TMSI + LA)
9
Send info
to I/C
(MSRN)
8
Roaming Number
(MSRN)
5
PAGING
REQUEST
(TMSI + LA)
10
PAGING
REQUEST
(TMSI)
11
MSISDN
1
8-24 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Mobile Terminating Call
3 - End to End Procedure
MS BSS VMSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
(LAC, Cell ID)
5
PSTN
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
(SDCCH or TCH)
6
PAGING REQUEST
4
PAGING REQUEST
(TMSI or IMSI, LA)
3
GMSC
IAM
(MSISDN)
1
IAM
(MSRN)
2
CM SERVICE REQUEST
(Paging Response)
7 PAGING RESPONSE
(TMSI or IMSI, LA)
7
Authentication procedure 8
Ciphering procedure 9
Address Complete Message
11
ANswer Message
12
Setup, Assignment, Alerting 10
CONNECT
12
Dialing
Ringing
Path
Established
8-25 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Telephone
network
FRANCE GERMANY
FT
Terminating
MSC
BSC
BTS
BSS
VLR
HLR
Tromboning effect
Gateway
MSC
8-26 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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MS BSS MSC
Call in progress 1
RELEASE COMPLETE
4
PSTN
DISCONNECT
2 DISCONNECT
2
RELEASE
3
RELEASE
3
RF Channel Release
procedure 8
Release
5
RELEASE INDICATION
7
CHANNEL RELEASE
6
Release
tone
9
Call Release
1 - Mobile Initiated
8-27 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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PSTN
On hook
Purpose:
informs the mobile
then releases radio
and network resources.
REL
RLC
MSC
BTS
BSS
BSC
1
1
1
1
2
3 3
4
5
5
4
6
2
Call Release
2 - PSTN Initiated
8-28 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Quality
Signal strength
Lack of resources:
Directed Retry
Rescue
Prevention
Distance
Power budget
Micro cellular
environment
Maintenance
Reasons for Handover
8-29 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Mobility and Handover
Draw the five types of handover.
MSC-A
MSC-B
BTS
A1
BTS
A2
BTS
B1
BTS
C1
BSC-B
BSC-A
BSC-C
8-30 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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MSC-A
MSC-B
BTS
A1
BTS
A2
BTS
B1
BTS
C1
BSC-B
BSC-A
BSC-C
1
2 3
4
5
Mobility and Handover
The Five Types of Handover
1- Intra-Cell HO
2- Intra-BTS HO
3- Intra-BSC HO
4- Inter-BSC HO
5- Inter-MSC HO
8-31 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS-1
BTS-2
Cell 1
Cell 2
MSC
BSC
Handover Preparation
8-32 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BSS 1
MSC
BSS 2
ACK
Parameters
(criteria threshold) Uplink
Measurement
Handover
Request
Handover
Required
Handover decision Handover execution
Handover
Algorithm
External External
Handover
Command
Radio Resource Management
Handover
OMC-R
8-33 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS-1
BTS-2
Cell 1
Cell 2
Decision criteria:
- bad quality,
- weak signal strength,
- cell boundaries,
- etc. MSC BSC
Handover Decision
8-34 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS-1
BTS-2
Cell 1
Cell 2
MSC
BSC
Handover Execution
8-35 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Intra-BSC Handover
BTS1 MS BTS2 BSC MSC
CHANNEL ACTIVATE ACK
3
CHANNEL ACTIVATE
2
HO COMMAND
5
HO DETECTION
7
HO COMMAND
4
RF CHANNEL RELEASE
13
HO COMPLETE
12
ESTABLISH INDICATION
9
HO COMPLETE
11
HandOver COMPLETE
10
HO INDICATION
1
PHYSICAL INFO **
8
** only if Handover asynchronous
* this message may be repeated up to 4 times
HO ACCESS *
6
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK
14
HO
Execution
HO
Initiation
HO
Acknowledg.
8-36 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Inter-BSC Handover
MS BTS1 BTS2 BSC1 BSC2
HO COMMAND
9
8
HO COMMAND
HO REQUEST ACK
6
HO REQUEST
3
CHANNEL ACTIVATE
4
HO REQUIRED
2
1
HO INDICATION
HO ACCESS *
10
* this message may be repeated up to 4 times
PHYSICAL INFO
13
MSC
16
HO COMPLETE
17
HO COMPLETE
CLEAR COMMAND
18
RF CHANNEL RELEASE
19
CLEAR COMPLETE
21
15
HandOver COMPLETE
11
HO DETECTION
20
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK
5
CHANNEL ACTIVATE ACK
ESTABLISH INDICATION
14
HO COMMAND
7
HO DETECTION
12
HO
Initiation
HO
Execution
HO
Acknowledg.
8-37 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BSC 3
Terrestrial link
BSC 2
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
MSC 2
MSC 1
2
Inter-MSC Handover
PSTN
BSC 1
1
3
3
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
8-38 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Inter-MSC Handover
MSC-A
MSC-B MSC-C
BTS
BTS
BTS
a
b
c
a
c
b
1
5
b
9
6
7
8
3
2
4
5
4
c
6
9
PSTN
BSC-A
BSC-B
BSC-C
8-39 Procedures PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Exercise
Cite the GSM procedures successively involved in the following situations
(the IMSI Attach/Detach function is enabled).
Indicate the radio channels types used in every procedure.

1- Switch-on the MS and move in Idle mode from one LA to an other one.
2- Establish a call and move in communication from one cell to an other.
3- MS in Idle mode. Reception of a Short Message.
4- Switch-off the MS.