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DSP

PSP

ASP

Ciguatoksin

Histamin

Racun buntal
DSP
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is one of the four recognized
symptom types of shellfish poisoning
The dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis is interesting from both
ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Some members of this
genus are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)
DSP is a syndrome associated with human consumption of shellfish
that have accumulated Dinophysis toxins, and less frequently, toxins
from Prorocentrum lima
widely distributed of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) associated
poisoning syndromes

The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DTXs) are a class of
polyether compounds with at least eight congeners and
the parent compound, okadaic acid (OA).
OA, DTX1, and DTX2 are the primary toxins involved in
poisonings, with others believed to be either precursors or
shellfish metabolites of the toxins
The DTXs are inhibitors of serine/threonine protein
phosphatases and, when ingested by humans, cause rapid
onset of gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and
diarrhea) lasting several days
Structure
On a global scale, DSP is
widespread, documented in
Western Europe, East and
Southeast Asia, South
America, South Africa, New
Zealand and Australia

Diarrhea was the most commonly reported symptom
(92%), closely followed by nausea (80%) and vomiting
(79%), with onset 30 minutes to 12 hours from ingestion.
Complete clinical recovery is seen even in severe cases
within 3 days (Asomata et al, 1978, Viviani 1992, Aune &
Yndstad 1993).

PSP

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of naturally
occurring potent neurotoxins produced byAlexandrium,
Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium marine dinoflagellates and
some freshwater cyanobacteria (Diener et al., 2006)
The synthesis of PSP toxins has been described in marine
dinoflagellates and in freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria of
genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Rap
hidiopsis, Scytonema andLyngbya
The most representative analogue of this group is saxitoxin
(STX), whose basic structure is 3,4-propinoperhydropurine
tricyclic systems

Saxitoxin
Saxitoxin (STX) is the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin
(PST)
STX is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of
marine dinoflagellates
Ingestion of saxitoxin (usually through shellfish
contaminated by toxic algal blooms) is responsible for the
human illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
the term saxitoxin originates from the species name of the
butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus)
Type: pure saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX),
gonyautoxins (GTX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX)
Mechanism
Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin that acts as a selective sodium
channel blocker.

ASP

The tricarboxylic amino acid, domoic acid (DA) and some of its isomers (e.g., epi-
domoic acid (epi-DA)) are amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins that, in humans,
can cause gastroenteritis and produce neurodegeneration and central nervous system
dysfunction, notably loss of short-term memory ( Quilliam and Wright, 1989 and
Wright and Quilliam, 1995).
This toxin is produced naturally by marine diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-
nitzschia and the species Nitzschia navis-varingica
ASP was first documented in 1987, when people became ill after consuming blue
mussels (Mytilus edulis) which were contaminated with DA
These regulations state that DA should not exceed 20 g g
1
in the edible part of the
shellfish with evaluation of the DA concentration in shellfish determined using high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Structure

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