MODULE IV

INDUCTION MACHINES
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Induction Machines
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Commutator Motors
AC commutator motors, like comparable DC motors, have higher starting torque
and higher speed than AC induction motors.
AC commutator motors may be either single-phase or poly-phase. Since a
commutator motor can operate at much higher speed than an induction motor, it
can output more power than a similar size induction motor.
The common commutator motors are
Series motors
Universal motors
Repulsion motors
Repulsion-induction motors,
With various modifications and combinations

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AC Series Motors
Direct current shunt or series motors rotate in the same direction regardless of
the polarity of the supply. The series motor operates well above the
synchronous speed of a conventional AC motor.
If an ordinary dc series motor were connected to an ac supply, it would operate,
but not very satisfactorily. The reasons are
1) Pulsating torque due to reversal of armature and field current every half cycle.
2) Excessive eddy current losses in the field and yoke due to alternations in the
field flux.
3) Heavy sparking due to induced voltages and currents in the armature coils
short-circuited by the brushes when undergoing commutation and
4) Abnormal voltage drop and low power factor due to inductance of field
winding.
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AC Series Motors
Some modifications are necessary for satisfactory operation on ac. These
modifications are
The entire magnetic circuit is laminated in order to reduce the eddy current
loss. Hence an AC Series motor requires a more expensive construction than a
D.C. Series motor.
The series field winding uses as few turns as possible to reduce the
reactance of the field winding to a minimum. This reduces the voltage drop
across the field winding.
A high field flux is obtained by using a low-reluctance magnetic circuit.

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AC Series Motors
The operating voltage should be made low for reducing the inductance. A
large number of turns will be required for high voltage motors with
proportionally low current.
In some special cases AC series motors are designed at Low frequency. This
automatically reduces inductive reactance.
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AC Series Motors
CONSTRUCTION
The construction of an AC series motor is very similar to a D.C. series motor.
Such a motor can be operated either on AC or DC supply and the resulting
torque-speed curve is about the same in each case

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AC Series Motors
OPERATION
When the motor is connected to an AC Supply, the same alternating current
flows through the field and armature windings.
The field winding produces an alternating flux that reacts with the current
flowing in the armature to produce a torque. Since both armature current and
flux reverse simultaneously, the torque always acts in the same direction.
No rotating flux is produced in this type of machines; the principle of
operation is the same as that of a dc Series motor.
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AC Series Motors
CHARACTERISTICS
i. The speed increases to a high value with a decrease in load. In very small
series motors, the losses are usually large enough at no load that limits the
speed to a definite value (1500 - 15,000 r.p.m.).
ii. The motor torque is high for large armature currents, thus giving a high
starting torque.
iii.At full-load, the power factor is about 90%. However, at starting or when
carrying an overload, the power factor is lower.
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AC Series Motors
APPLICATIONS
The fractional horsepower a.c. series motors have high-speed (and
corresponding small size) and large starting torque. They can, therefore, be
used to drive:
High-speed vacuum cleaners
Sewing machines
Electric shavers
Drills
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AC Series Motors
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
A repulsion motor is similar to an AC Series motor except that:
Brushes are not connected to supply but are short-circuited. Consequently,
currents are induced in the armature conductors by transformer action.
The field structure has non-salient pole construction.
By adjusting the position of short-circuited brushes on the commutator, the
starting torque can be developed in the motor.



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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
The field of stator winding is wound like the main winding of a split-phase
motor and is connected directly to a single-phase source.
The armature or rotor is similar to a D.C. motor armature with drum type
winding connected to a commutator. However, the brushes are not connected
to supply but are connected to each other or short-circuited.
Short-circuiting the brushes effectively makes the rotor into a type of squirrel
cage.
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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION
The field of stator winding is wound like the main winding of a split-phase
motor and is connected directly to a single-phase source.
The armature or rotor is similar to a D.C. motor armature with drum type
winding connected to a commutator.
The brushes are not connected to supply but are connected to each other or
short-circuited. Short-circuiting the brushes effectively makes the rotor into a
type of squirrel cage.

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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
The total armature torque in a repulsion motor can be shown to be

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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
The repulsion motor has characteristics very similar to those of an a.c. series
motor
1. i.e., It has a high starting torque and a high speed at no load.
2. The speed which the repulsion motor develops for any given load will
depend upon the position of the brushes.
3. In comparison with other single-phase motors, the repulsion motor has a
high starring torque and relatively low starting current.

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SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION MOTOR
CHARACTERISTICS






TORQUE vs BRUSH ANGLE POSITION
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REPULSION-START INDUCTION-RUN MOTOR
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Sometimes the action of a repulsion motor is combined with that of a single
phase induction motor to produce repulsion-start induction-run motor.
The machine is started as a repulsion motor with a corresponding high starting
torque.
At some predetermined speed, a centrifugal device short-circuits the
commutator so that the machine then operates as a single-phase induction
motor.
The repulsion-start induction-run motor has the same general construction of a
repulsion motor..
The only difference is that in addition to the basic repulsion motor construction,
it is equipped with a centrifugal device fitted on the armature shaft.

REPULSION-START INDUCTION-RUN MOTOR
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When the motor reaches 75% of its full pinning speed, the centrifugal device
forces a shortcircuiting ring to come in contact with the inner surface of the
commutator.
This shortcircuit the entire commutator bars. The rotor then resembles squirrel-
cage type and the motor runs as a single-phase induction motor.
REPULSION-START INDUCTION-RUN MOTOR
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CHARACTERISTICS
The starting torque is 2.5 to 4.5 times the full-load torque and the starting
current is 3.75 times the full-load value.
Due to their high starting torque, repulsion-motors were used to operate devices
such as refrigerators, pumps, compressors etc.

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