Bacolot, Luis Miguel

Baguilat, Jovania Liza

MEASURES OF
VARIATION
 Range
 difference between the largest
observation of a data set and the
smallest observation


Formula:
 RANGE = MAXIMUM - MINIMUM



Disadvantage:
it does not include all of the observations
It is not resistant to change
Examples…
1.Given that the ages for a sample of
8 students are: 24, 18, 22, 19,
25, 20, 23, and 21,
the range for this data set is: 25 - 18
= 7.
2.
3.Given that the weight in kilograms
for a sample of 5 models are:
50, 47, 49, 52, 45,
The range for this data set is: 52 –
45 = 7.
 Variance
 the average of the squared
deviations from the arithmetic
mean


 Disadvantage:
it does not take into account how
many data values were used to
obtain the sum

Population Variance
The quotient of the variation to the
number of the values in the
population
Sample Variance
 the sum of the squares of the
deviations is divided by one less
than the sample size



 Purpose: to counteract the problem
that the estimated value isn't the
same as the parameter – for
accuracy of the study
Example…
 Given are the height for a sample
of 5 students in UST:

Height in inches
66
73
68
69
74
What to do?
 The following steps are used to
calculate the variance:
1. Find the average
(arithmetic mean).
2. Find the difference between
each item and the mean.
3. Square these differences.
 Here is what it looks like…


 Ages: Deviation: Squared

 differences:


 66....................66-70= - 4.............16
73....................73-70= +3..............09
68....................68-70= - 2..............04
69....................69-70= - 1..............01
74....................74-70= +4..............16
Next steps…
4. Sum the squared differences.


5. Since the data is a sample, divide the total



of squared difference (from step 4 above) by

the number of items minus one, i.e., n-1
(where n is equal to the number of
observations in the data set)
 Here is what it looks
like…

Total sum of age = 350
Arithmetic mean = (350)/(5) = 70 inches

Total sum of squared differences = 46

(variation)


 Variance = (46)/(5-1) = 11.5 squared

inches.
As you see in the above example, the
variance is not expressed in the same
units as the items. In other words, the
variance is hard to understand because
the deviations from the mean are
squared, making it too large for logical
 Standard Deviation
 measures the variation in a set of
data
 Used to get the units back the
same as the original data values
 the square root of the variance
 it is always expressed in the same
units as the raw data
Population Standard Deviation

 Square root of the population

variance

 Purpose:To get the units back the
same as the original data values
Sample Standard Deviation

 The sample standard deviation is not

the unbiased estimator for the
population standard deviation
 Empirical Rule
 This rule generally applies to
mound-shaped data, but
specifically to the data that are
bell shaped (normally
distributed)

 Question: how many
measurements are within one,
two, and three standard
deviations from the mean?

 Empirical Rule
 The following statements are true.


Approximately 68% of the data

values fall within one standard
deviation of the mean
Approximately 95% falls within two
standard deviations of the mean
Approximately 99.7% falls within
three standard deviations of the
mean
E m p irica lR u le
Example…
 in the height problem, the mean
height was 70 inches with a
standard deviation of 3.4 inches.
 Thus, 68% of the heights fall between
66.6 and 73.4 inches, one standard
deviation
(mean + 1 standard deviation) = (70 +
3.4) = 73.4, and (mean - 1 standard
deviation) = 66.6.
 95% of the heights fall between 63.2
and 76.8 inches, two standard
deviations
 99.7% falls between 59.8 and 80.2
 Chebyshev's Rule
 applies to any sample of measurements
regardless of the shape of their distribution

 It states that…


It is possible that none of the measurements will

fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

At least 75% of the measurements will fall within
two standard deviations of the mean,

89% of the measurements will fall within three
standard deviations of the mean
According to this rule…
at least 1 - (1/k squared)
 of the measurements will fall within
 [(mean + - (k) standard
deviation)], i.e., within k standard
deviation of the mean, where k is
any number greater than one.
Example…
if k = 2.8
1 - (1/k squared) = 1 - (1/7.84) = 1 -

0.13 = 0.87


Hence, there is at least .87 of all

values fall within (mean + - 2.8 x
standard deviation)
Coefficient of Variation
expresses the standard deviation
as a percentage of the mean,
i.e., it reflects the variation in a
distribution relative to the mean


Formula:
Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) =
(standard deviation / mean) x
100
Example…
 Scenario: Mark teaches two sections of statistics. He
gives each section a different test covering the
same material. The mean score on the test for the
day section is 27, with a standard deviation of 3.4.
The mean score for the night section is 74 with a
standard deviation of 8.0. Which section has the
greatest variation or dispersion of scores?

Day Section: Night Section:

Mean.......27.......................94
S.D............03.4..................08.0
Here’s how it works…
 Direct comparison shows that the night
section has the greatest variation. But
comparing the coefficient of variations
show quite different results:

C.V.(day) = (3.4/27) x 100 = 12.6%

C.V.(night) = (8/94) x 100 = 8.5%

Thus, based on the size of the

coefficient of variation, Mark finds that
the night section test results have a
smaller variation relative to its mean
than do the day section test results
THANK YOU! 