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HOUR 1
2
GROWTH

- Growth phases
- Measuring Growth
- Types of growth curves
- Patterns of growth
- Ecdysis and Metamorphosis
- Dormancy: Hibernations; Aestivation;
Diapauses; and Seed Dormancy
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Objectives
At the end of the class, students should be
able to:-
Explain what is growth
Explain the three phases of growth
Explain methods of measuring growth
Explain parameters
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Cells division or mitosis
- the basis of growth
- gave the living world an opportunity to increase
the size of the organisms.

Cell enlargement / expansion
Plants - cell grow by add some organic material
to their cytoplasm, or
- addition of water, into the large central
vacuole, accounts for 90% of plant cells
expansion
Animals - cells grow by synthesizing a protein-
rich cytoplasm, a metabolically
expensive process
Involved assimilation
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Assimilation - taking substances from the
environment and synthesis
new molecules to increase the
existence molecules (body cell).
- total cytoplasm increased

Cytoplasm increased referred as increased the
number of organelles in the cell like
mitochondria, ribosome and etc.

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Cell differentiation

The process of specialization of cells with
the same set of genetic information to
produce a diversity of cell types

Differentiation reflects the synthesis of
different proteins in different types of
cells.

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Growth involves the increasing of protoplasm of
an organism.

Growth can be estimated by measuring a
particular parameter over a period of time.

The best parameter and commonly used to
measure growth are:-
Length
Height
Mass
Surface Area

8.2 : Measuring Growth
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Estimate length / height

Periodic linear measurement

Eg: Measuring height for human being the
best way to measure the growth of an
individual

Plant: height is not a suitable parameter to
measure the growth because height of a tree
does not give much information about the
growth of branches, leaves, root and the
food storage structures underneath the
ground.
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The parameter chosen should be
appropriate to the organism whose
growth is to be measured.

In certain experiment, the best
parameter that suitable to be used in
determining growth are fresh mass and
dry mass.


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Fresh mass

Method : the mass without internal water
removed

Advantages :
Easy and convenient
No need to kill the organism so its growth can be
measured repeatedly

Disadvantage:
inaccurate and unbalanced measurement
fluctuation or varying water volume in the live organism
(water ~ 70-90% wet mass)
Shows greater variation due to the environment or
the organism behavior
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Dry mass
Method :
Mass of organism after removing all the
water from its body (drying process)
Kill the specimen
Dry in the oven (~110 C)
Cool the sample in the dryer, repeatedly
measured the weight and cool until get a
constant weight dry mass value

Advantages :
Accurate measurement of the amount of
organ matter present
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Definition: Growth is the permanent
and irreversible increase in the
parameter quantity (length, height,
mass, surface area, volume and size)

Three phases of growth:
Cell division
Cell enlargement / expansion / assimilation
Cell differentiation
8.1 : Growth Phases
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Disadvantage:
- Organisms are killed so growth of
the same specimen cannot be
repeatedly measure

- Large samples of genetically
identical organism need to be grown
under similar conditions.

- Time consuming
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Surface area

Surface area of a leave
can be determine by
draw the outline of the
leave at a graph paper or
square paper (1cm x
1cm) and count the
square inside the leave
outline

What is the surface are
for the leave?

20 cm
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