VARIABLE FREQUENCY

DRIVES
1. What is VFD?
2. Purpose Of VFD
3. VFD System
4. Drive Operation
5. Operating Modes
6. AC Induction motor
7. components
8. Advantages
9. Function & Features
10. Applications.


Variable Frequency Drives

This technology has several different names such
as :
Variable speed drives.
Adjustable speed drives.
Adjustable frequency drives.
Frequency converter.

This device uses power electronics to vary the
frequency of input power to the motor,
thereby controlling motor speed.

A VFD can be used to control both the
speed and torque of a standard induction
AC electric motor.

Basic components of a VFD:
Input section, draws AC electric power from the
utility, Rectifier section, converts the AC into DC
power.
Inverter section, converts DC back into a
controllable AC waveform.

Pump and Fan Applications.
Control and Regulation.
Speeding up or slowing down a machine or
process.
Protection from overload currents
Safe Acceleration

VFDs help to limit demand and electrical
consumption of motors by reducing the
amount of energy they consume.
Standard motors are constant speed and when they
are energized they run at a 100% no matter the
load.
Soft Start
Only use energy you need
A variable frequency drives used in a drive
system consisting of the following three main
sub-systems:

AC Motor.
Controller.
Operator Interface.
In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may
be operating in one or more modes:
Motoring.
regenerative braking.
dynamic braking.
Plugging.


Conventional braking systems convert kinetic
energy into heat, usually via friction.
This wastes a great deal of energy!
Regenerative braking systems reclaim and
storing the kinetic energy in a reusable
manner
Many modern electric drive systems including
electric locomotives and Industrial
applications have regenerative braking
systems

Dynamic braking resistors are used on AC
variable frequency drives (VFD's) to dissipate
energy that is produced in the motor as the
drive provides braking torque to stop the
motor. The dynamic braking resistor is
connected to the DC bus and will see voltages
as high as 800 volts during braking
conditions.

For applications with high-inertia loads, the
VFD automatically extends deceleration time.
However, if a heavy load must be quickly
decelerated, a dynamic braking resistor.
Adding an external braking resistor increases
the VFDs braking control torque to
quicken the deceleration of large inertia loads
and frequent start-stop cycles.
VFD control modes are:

volts-per-Hertz (V/Hz)
Sensor less vector (sometimes called open-loop
vector)
Closed Loop

Three-phase motor
operation

Torque is produced as the induction motor
generates flux in its rotating field.

This flux must remain constant to produce
full-load torque.


The speed of the rotating electric field within
the induction motor.

Synchronous Speed = 120 x frequency
no. of motor poles

Control profiles to consider including
acceleration, deceleration, ramp linearity,
torque control, braking, and PID. Most of
these parameters are available on nearly
every VFD type on the market, but PID may
not be offered on very basic models
Any non-linear load, which includes anything
with rectifiers, generates harmonics
including VFDs. If excessive, harmonics can
overheat and damage equipment,
transformers, and even power distribution
wiring.
VFDs generate a significant amount of heat.
This heat can cause the internal temperature
of an enclosure to exceed the VFDs thermal
rating. Enclosure ventilation or cooling may
be necessary to keep enclosure temperature
within specified limits. Ambient temperature
measurements and calculations should also
be made to determine the maximum
expected temperature.
All VFDs need a power section that
converts AC power into DC power.

This is called the converter bridge.

Sometimes the front end of the VFD, the
converter is commonly a three-phase, full wave-
diode bridge.

The DC bus is the true link between the
converter and inverter sections of the drive


Vacuum tubes.
Thyristors (SCRs).
Transistors.
IGBTs


ms.
Pulse-width-modulated voltage
and current waveform
Set-up Parameters
The Control Method
Acceleration or Accel-Ramp Rate
Automatic Restart
Stopping Method
Automatic Signals



Improper Circuit Design
Harmonic Distortion
Safety
3 Phase Supply Balance
Microcontroller programming

Control of process temperature and pressure.
Maintenance costs can be lower.
Save energy.
Limit the torque

Water Supply Pump Application
Conveyor Application
Exhaust Fan Application
Compressor Application

Significant energy savings
Easy setup & programming
Better design
Competitive edge