DESIGN AND FABRICATION

OF HEAT OPERATED
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Project Advisor: Naheed Javed
Group Members


ASIF IQBAL 10-MC-28
HAMZA JAVED 10-MC-54
UBAID-UR-REHMAN 10-MC-56
ZIA MUHAMMAD 10-MC-58
SAAD HANIF 10-MC-60

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4. PRINCIPLE
5. WORKING
6. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
7. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES


INTRODUCTION
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to
move heat from one location to another.

The work of heat transport is traditionally driven
by mechanical work.

Refrigeration has many applications:
household refrigerators, industrial freezers, air
conditioning, heat pumps etc.

METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

There are two methods of refrigeration:

Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
METHODS OF REFRIGERATION
Vapour Compression Refrigeration
A compression refrigeration is refrigeration that uses a
compressor to provide the energy needed to drive the
cooling system.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
An absorption refrigeration is refrigeration that uses a
heat source (e.g., solar, waste heat from factories, etc.)
to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling
system.


TYPES OF ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
Absorption machines are commercially available today
in two basic configurations.

LITHIUM BROMIDE/WATER Refrigeration Cycle
Above 32F (primarily air conditioning), the cycle uses
lithium bromide as the absorbent and water as the
refrigerant.

AMMONIA/WATER Refrigeration Cycle
Below 32F, an ammonia/water cycle is employed with
ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent.


LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW
Absorption cooling was invented by the French scientist
Ferdinand in 1858.

The original design used water and sulfuric
acid.
Ali zadeh carried out theoretical study on design and
optimization of water lithium bromide refrigeration cycle.
Tyagi carried out the detailed study on aqua-ammonia VAR
system
Talbi and Agnew carried our energy analysis on single effect
absorption refrigeration cycle with lithium bromide water as the
working fluid pairs. The cycle collects free energy from the
exhaust of diesel engine.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In 1922 Baltzar and Carl Munters enhanced the principle with
a 3 fluids configuration.

Bell developed a LiBr-H
2
0 experimental absorption cooling
system driven by heat generated by solar energy.

Khaliq carried out investigation of waste heat based combined
power absorption refrigeration cycle

MATERIALS AND METHODS
EVAPORATOR
Heat energy is absorbed by the refrigerant vaporizing
at low pressure and saturation temperature.
The low-pressure refrigerant vapour is drawn to the
absorber.

ABSORBER
The concentrated absorbent is cooled and mixed with the
low-pressure refrigerant resulting in a weak solution. This
weak solution is transferred to the generator to complete
the cycle.

GENERATOR
Heating source
Separation of the refrigerant
from the absorber
The pure concentrated absorbent
passes to the absorber vessel.
The heat applied to the generator
also generates the high side
pressure of the system.


CONDENSER
Rejects heat from the refrigerant, causing the
refrigerant to de-superheat and condense to liquid
form.
The liquid refrigerant then passes to the evaporator.

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATOR
SOLAR GEYSER

It is a device using solar radiation to heat water.
The solar water heaters employ the natural convection
phenomenon called thermo syphon, which results in hot water
being lighter than cold water.
The water heated in water tubes rises through the solar collector
to enter storage tank , while the cold water at the bottom of the
tank flows in tubes creating continues circulation.



REFRIGERANT
Anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from
visible impurities. It is at least 99.95 percent pure ammonia.

Boiling Point -28F
Vapor pressure at 0F 16 psi
Vapor pressure at 68F 110 psi
Vapor pressure at 100F 198 psi

MATERIALS
These are following materials used in project.

Stainless Steel
Copper
Aluminum
Plastic
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.

Pressure
Total
= Pressure
Gas 1
+ Pressure
Gas 2
+
Pressure
Gas 3
+ ... Pressure
Gas n



THREE FLUIDS ABSORPTION SYSTEM

This type of refrigerator is also called Three-fluids
absorption system. The three fluids used in this
system are:

1. AMMONIA
2. HYDROGEN
3. WATER
WORKING
WORKING
Heat is applied to
ammonia/water mixture
by using hot water using
solar geyser.
Water separator is used
to separates water from
ammonia vapours.
Ammonia vapour is
condensed to liquid the
more the liquid made,
better the condenser

WORKING
The ammonia liquid flows to
the inside the evaporator, where
hydrogen lowers the pressure
and evaporating the ammonia
by removing heat.

Absorber coils weak
water/ammonia solution from
the boiler side is run through
these. Absorbing the ammonia
out of hydrogen, leaving the
hydrogen free to rise to the top.



WORKING
Strong ammonia chamber solution ready for boiling and
starting the cycle again.


DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

Assumed for theoretical calculation
Condenser pressure: 5 bar,
Evaporator pressure: 2 bar,
Capacity of refrigeration: 0.25 TR,
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
DESIGN OF CONDENSER
1) Mass flow rate of NH
3
through Condenser (m
r
):
m
r
= Cooling load/ h
1
h
2

= (0.25x3.5)/(1632.462-376.722)
m
r
= 6.96810
-4
kg/s

2) Heat removed in condenser (Q
C
):
Q
C
= m
r
(h
1
- h
2
)
= 6.968 x 10^-4 x (1632.462-376.722)
Q
C
= 0.875kW.

DESIGN OF CONDENSER
Temperature of NH
3
vapor at inlet, Th
i
= 50C
Temperature of NH
3
liquid at outlet, Th
o
= 34C
Inlet temperature of air, Tc
i
= 30C
outlet temperature of air, Tc
o
= 32C
T
1
=50-30= 20C T
2
= 34-32 = 2C
LMTD = T
1
T
2
/(ln(T
1
/T
2
))
LMTD = 7.81C
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
l/U={l/h
o
+(d
o
/k)*[(d
o
-d
i
)/(d
o
+d
i
)]+(l/h
i
)*d
o
/d
i
}

DESIGN OF CONDENSER
We assume
d
o
=17.5mm
d
i
=16.5mm
h
o
=16w/m.K
h
i
=1833.76w/m.K
K=17w/m.k
Then U=15.85w/m.K
AS
Q= [U*A*LMTD]
A=DL
Then L=Q/ (U**d*LMTD)
L=0.21m

DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR
m
f
=6.96810
-4
kg/s
Q
e
=m
f
*(h
4
- h
3
)
=0.875KW
Temp. of air surrounding evaporator, Th
i
= 2C
Temp. of air after 1 min, Tc
o
= 3C.
Temp. of NH
3
liquid entering evaporator,Tc
i
=-18C
Temp. of NH
3
liquid leaving evaporator, Tc
o
=-15C
LMTD=4C
Overall heat transfer coefficient=U=19.59w/m.K
Q= [U*A*LMTD]
L=0.22m


DESIGN OF ABSORBER
ii) Heat rejected in absorber (Q
a
):
Q
a
=1.31kw
Inlet temperature of water, Tc
i
= 23C
Outlet temperature of water, Tc
o
= 25C
Temperature of NH
3
entering, Th
i
= 34C
Temperature of NH
3
leaving, Th
o
= 28C
LMTD=5.48C
U=21w/m.K
Q = [ U*A*LMTD]
L = 3.2m
No. of turns=6

DESIGN OF GENERATOR
Original mass of the solutions are taken 15% more.
Mass flow rate of weak solution entering into the generator from
absorber
= 0.0015945* 1.15
= 0.001833 kg/s.
Mass flow rate of strong solution going into the heat generator
= 0.00186*1.15
= 0.00215kg/s
Mass flow rate of water vapor leaving the generator
= 0.00215-0.001833
= 0.0003163 kg/s.
Total volume of vapor= m*specific volume
Specific volume of vapor = 5.63 m
3
/kg.

DESIGN OF GENERATOR
Total volume of vapor = 0.0003163*5.63
= 0.0017810 m
3
/s.
Total volume of strong solution = 0.00215* 0.0019
= 4.0861 * 10-6 m
3
/s.
Total volume of generator
= [volume of water vapor] +[volume of strong Solution]
= 0.0017810+4.0861* 10-6
= 1.7847*10-3 m
3
/s.
Assuming 10% clearance
Volume generator = 1.983*10-3 m
3
/s.
But value = /4*dL
/4*dL = 1.983*10-3
Therefore d= 8.75cm
L=33cm
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE

C.O.P=
Heat absorbed in Evaporator
Heat supplied in Generator


(C.O.P)
MAX
=(
T
e
T
c
T

)(
T
g
Tc
T
g
)
T
e
=-16.5+273=256.5
T
c
=44.5+273=317.5
T
g
=60+273=333
C.O.P=0.195

FAISALABAD LOCATION
1. Weather station FAISALABAD is at about
31.42
0
N and 73.06
0
E.
2. Height about 184m/603 feet above sees level.
3. Region: Punjab
4. Country: Pakistan
5. Latitude: 31.4166667

CLIMATE CONDITION FAISALABAD
24-hr average temperature




Thermal performance of Solar Geyser







Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
0
C
11.7 14.7 19.8 26.0 31.4 34.1 32.5 31.6 30.2 25.6 19.0 13.7 24.5
O
F
53.4 58.5 67.6 78.8 88.5 93.4 90.5 88.9 86.4 78.1 66.2 56.7 76.1
Time (hrs) Ambient
temp.

0
C
Inlet temp.

0
C
Outlet temp.

0
C
Storage
temp.

0
C
9:00 34.08 26.35 42.07 42.09
10:00 37.50 27.05 52.25 54.02
11:00 39.21 29.50 65.35 64.66
12:00 40.93 31.35 76.55 74.23
1:00 42.05 33.47 85.07 83.70
2:00 43.07 34.08 87.15 85.69
3:00 39.45 30.03 82.58 80.39
4:00 35.25 28.17 78.63 77.05
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It saves energy in day time by getting heat from solar
and in night AC supply is required.
The final result gives C.O.P value 0.195 and final
temperature ranges from 0 to 3C
By increasing the temperature of hot water from 60 to
80c the generator. The value of C.O.P increases from
0.195 to 0.442 .


COST ANALYSIS
Electric Absorption Refrigerator
Cooling load= 0.25 ton
Cooling load= 7,884,000 ton-hr./year
Power Consumption(kwh/ton-h)= 0.0248
Annual cooling load= 195,523ton-hr/year
Energy cost (PKR/kwh)= 12
Annual Energy Cost= 2,346,278 PKR

Solar Absorption Refrigerator
Cooling load= 7,884,000 ton-hr./year
Consumption of Energy during 17 hours
Power Consumption(kwh/ton-h)= 0.0248
Annual cooling load= 138496 ton-hr./year
Energy cost (PKR/kwh)= 12
Annual Energy Cost= 1,661,947 PKR






Annual Saving
6,84,331 PKR

CONCLUSION
Conclusion

Absorption system has a proven history of providing
low-cost reliable cooling and should continue to do so
in the future.
Absorption systems can provide significant energy
savings for a particular application.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Lavanya et al, International journal of advanced engineering
research and studies.
ASHRAE Hand Book 1951(Tables of specific volume of aqua
ammonia solutions)
John A. Duffie, 1991. William A.Beckman. Solar Engineering
Of thermal Processes. John Wiley & sons. Inc.
Staicovici M. D.,(1986)" An Autonomous Solar Ammonia-
Water Refrigeration System", Solar Energy, Volume 36, Issue 2,
1986, Pages 115-124
V.F. TCHAIKOVSKY. And A.P. KUTEZSOV, Utilisation of
refrigerant mixtures in refrigerating compression machinery,
Air Conditioning And Refrigeration in india. Vol.4,1964.