Objectives

Understand Concept of Cellular

Understand the functional blocks in a GSM Network
Understand the Air Interface with Channels
Understand Mobile Call Setup Operations
Basics
Agenda
Need for Cellular
Introduction to Cellular
Channelization Concept
GSM Evolution and Markets
GSM Network Arhcitecure
GSM Air Interface Parameters
GSM Speech Coding
Physical and Logical Channels
Frames and MultiFrames
GSM Basic Operations
Telephony
Communication is today's basic need
Telephone has become part of life
Fixed Line Telephones
What are the drawbacks ?
Fixed Line Telephones
No Mobility


Delay in New Connections


Security Hazards


Prone to Failures ( Line Disconnection, etc )

Very less value added services
Mobile Communications
Drawbacks of Fixed Phones have triggered
wireless communications
"Call People , Not Places "
MCG Spokane Division RTEd Sem, 1000-1268
9/93
Company Confidential
H
First Wireless Signal

3
Postcard: Chicago Daily News
Wireless Access Methods
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Wireless Communication Model


Source
Display
Transmitter
Receiver
Media of transmission is Radio Frequency
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Types of Wireless Communications
Simplex
The direction of transmission is in one direction only
BEEP
Ex : Broadcast Services ( AM/FM Radios, Television )
Paging Services
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Types of Wireless Communications
Half - Duplex
The direction of transmission is alternate in both directions
Tx

Rx
Tx

Rx
"A
"
"B
"
A transmits -- B receives, then
B transmits -- A receives
Ex : PTT Handsets, Trunked Radios
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Types of Wireless Communication
Duplex
The direction of transmission is simultaneous in both directions
Ex : Cordless Telephones, Mobile Phones, Microwave Radios
Is there separate frequency of transmission at both ends ?
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
MICROWAVES A
M

B
R
O
A
D
C
A
S
T

R
A
D
I
O

V
H
F

T
V

V
H
F

T
V

V
I
S
I
B
L
E

L
I
G
H
T

1MHz
10MHz 100MHz 1GHz
10GHz
100 GHz
10
12
10
14
10
15
MF
HF VHF
UHF SHF EHF
1m 1000m
100m 10m 1m
10cm 1cm
1mm
Wireless Communication !!! At what frequency ?
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Selection of Band for Wireless
Communication
MF : 300 KHz - 3 MHz ( Domestic Radios )
HF : 3 MHz - 30 MHz
VHF : 30 MHz - 300 MHz ( FM, Paging, PTT )
UHF : 300 MHz - 3 GHz ( Mobile Radios, Cordless Phones )
SHF : 3 GHz - 30 GHz ( Microwave Band )
Properties of Radio Frequencies
Low Frequency - Less Loss ,,, High Frequency - More Loss
To overcome loss , more power required,
More Power - Health hazards
Low Frequency - High Beamwidth - Wider and Deeper Coverage
Selection of Band will depend on Application
Frequency Band is subdivided into Application Band
Application Band is further divided into Technology Channels
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Channelization
Frequency Band has several application segments
Certain blocks of the Band are reserved for certain applications by regulating
authorities and as well by standard Technologies
Technologies have decided on fixed bandwidth Channels within these bands
Example : Mobile Communications
AMPS / DAMPS : 824 MHz -- 894 MHz ( 50 MHz + 20 MHz separation)
GSM : 890 MHz -- 960 MHz -- ( 50 MHz + 20 MHz separation)
These 50 Mhz are bands are further divided into Channels
Channelization can be done by three methods
--- FDMA
--- TDMA
--- CDMA
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Channelization Methods
FDMA
Power
Frequency
Time
FDMA
Ex: AMPS / DAMPS band is divided into 30 Khz Channels ( 1666 Freq Chs)
GSM band is divided into 200 Khz Channels ( 250 Freq Chs ).
Television Channels ( Star, Zee, Sony, MTV, BBC, CNN etc. )
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Channelization Methods
Frequency
Power Time
FDMA/TDMA
TDMA
Each FDMA Channel is divided into Timeslots
Each Timeslot is of fixed period
This method increases the number of Channels in a system
Ex: DAMPS has 3 timeslots on each 30 Khz Channel ( 4998 Channels)
GSM has 8 timeslots on each 200 Khz Channel ( 2000 Channels )
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Channelization Methods
CDMA
Frequency CDMA
Power
Time
Frequency Channel is divided into Code Channels
1.25 MHz of FDMA Channel is divided into 64 Code Channels
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Mobile Telephony -- Channelization
Mobile Telephony needs Duplex Communication
How many Channels will be required for one call ?


What type of Channels ?
-- FDMA, TDMA, FDMA/TDMA , FDMA/CDMA or something else
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Duplex Access Methods
Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Frequency
Amplitude
Time
F1 F2
Tx Rx
Time Division Duplex
(TDD)
Frequency
Amplitude
Time
F1
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Introduction to Cellular
Communications
Need for Cellular
Cellular network has cells of different sizes.
Bigger cells are used where subcriber density
is low. Smaller cells are used where
subscriber density is high.
Cellular structure

Cell Configuration
Omnidirectional Cell

BTS
Sectorial Cell




BTS


Frequency Reuse
GSM uses concept of cells
One cell covers small part of network
Network has many cells
Frequency used in one cell can be used
in another cells
This is known as Frequency Re-use






F=1
F=2
F=3
F=4,8
F=5,9
F=6,10
F=7






F=1
F=2
F=3
F=4,8
F=5,9
F=6,10
F=7






F=1
F=2
F=3
F=4,8
F=5,9
F=6,10
F=7
F= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Clusters
Co-Channel ( Re-use ) Cells
Distance between two cells
using same frequencies
1,13,29
D
D=R x SQRT( 3 x N )
N= Cluster size ( 7 in this case )
R=Radius of one cell
D=Dist between two cells using same channels
1,13,29
1,13,29
1,13,29
D
R
Cell Splitting









Macro Cell
Macro Cell
Micro
Cells
Micro
Cells
Pico Cell
Macro Cell

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Security Notice (if required)
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Mixed Cell Structure
Macrocell
base station
Indoor
Picocell
Indoor
Picocell
Microcell
base stations
Microcell network
Macrocell network
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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GSM TECHNOLOGY - Standards
& Implementation.
GSM900
DCS1800
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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GLOBAL System for Mobiles
GSM900
239 licenses in 109 countries now

44 million subscribers now

One New subscriber Every Second !

> 200 million subscribers by Year 2000

Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Personal Communications
Networks
USA: PCS1900
for new PCS
UK: DCS1800
Mercury One-2-One
Microtel-Orange
Germany:
DCS1800
E Net
France: DCS1800
For new PCN
Australia: DCS1800
for new PCN
Thailand:
DCS1800
AIS
DCS1800
PCS1900
Hong Kong: DCS1800
for 6 New PCNs
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Evolution of GSM
GSM Requirements
Good subjective speech quality
Encryption of user information
Must operate in the entire 890 - 960 Mhz frequency band
Spectral efficiency
Support for international roaming
Minimize modifications to the existing fixed public networks
Low handsets and service cost
ISDN compatibility
Support for range of new services and facilities
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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The Global Standard
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Other GSM standards
GSM 900 and DCS 1800 use the same standards
DCS 1800 specs are defined as a delta standard to GSM specs
Same GSM switches can be used for DCS 1800
Some software upgrading may be required ( if RR are manged by switch )
Dual Mode handsets will be required to support both
PCS 1900
DCS 1800
ETSI has assisted ANSI T1 and
TIA TR-46 committees to formulate
specs for PCS 1900.
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Evolution of GSM
1982 : Group Special Mobile formed within CEPT
1986 : A permenent Nucleus formed
1987 : Radio transmission Techniques are chosen.Field trials
completed
1987 : GSM becomes ETSI technical committee
1987 : 13 Operators sign a memorandum of uderstanding
1989 : Prototype ( validation ) systems are on the air
1990 : GSM Phase I specifications are finalised
1991 : UK,France,Germany andItaly introduce GSM services
1992 : Motorola cuts over the first commercial system built for
COMVIQ on Sept 1
1994 : GSM Phase 2 specifications released
1996 : GSM Phase 2+ specs are now defined
GSM Phase I specification document has 5230 pages !!!
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
The History
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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Growth
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
H
Technology Evolution
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Full Urban coverage in Western
Europe
WW Roaming available
Subscribers can utilize multiple
networks
First dualband networks
appearing in Europe and Asia
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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GSM 2G+
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission
Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s
Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission
Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s
Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission
Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s
Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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IMT-2000 / 3G+
(International Mobile Telecommunications -2000)
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission
Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s
Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission
Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s
Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
Authoring Division Name File Name
Security Notice (if required)
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GSM Standards structure
01 Series : General
02 Series : Service aspects
03 Series : Network aspects
04 Series : MS-BS interface and protocols (
air interface layer 2 & 3)
05 Series : Physical layer on the Radio path
( air interface layer 1)
06 Series : Speech coding specs.
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Security Notice (if required)
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GSM STANDARDS - Continued
07 Series : Terminal adaptation for mobile
stations
08 Series : BSS - MSC interfaces ( A & Abis)
09 Series : Network interworking
10 Series : Empty - For future use
11 Series : Equipment and Type approval
specifications
12 Series : Operation & Maintenance




MS




BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS

BSC

BSC
PSTN
VLR
TRAU
HLR
EIR
OMC
SMSC
BC
AUC
VMSC

MSC
A
OML
GSM Network Architecture
BTS
BTS
BTS
MS
MS
EIR
AUC
HLR
VLR

MS - Mobile Station
Mobile station provides user access to GSM network for Voice & Data.
All GSM mobiles comply to the GSM standards.
Subscriber data is read from a SIM card that plugs into MS.
Each MS has a unique number called as IMEI number, which is stored in EIR for authentication
purposes.
Mobile camps on to the GSM network through a BTS serving the cell.
Mobile also scans neighbouring cells and reports signal strength.
Network knows whereabouts of mobiles from HLR & VLR databases.
Mobile Transmit and Receive voice at 13 KB/s over air interface.
SIM
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GSM Course

Mobile Station Output Power
CLASS 1 20 watts Vehicle and Portable
CLASS 2 8 watts Portable and Vehicle
CLASS 3 5 watts Hand-held
CLASS 4 2 watts Hand-held
CLASS 5 0.8 watts Hand-held
Output Power determines:
---- Accessibility in areas of coverage
---- Talk time and Standby Time
Output Power on call is varied as commanded by BTS
MS - Mobile Station
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GSM Course
Mobile Station Identities
MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile Station
CC NDC SN
98 XXX 12345
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station
TAC FAC SNR SP
6 digits 2 digits 6 digits 1digit
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GSM Course
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module

GSM
Removable Module inserted when the subscriber wants to use the MS
IMSI : Network Identity unique to a SIM
MCC MNC MSIN
404 XX 12345
3 digits 2 digits 10 digits
Two Sizes
Credit Card
Stamp Size
4-8 digits PIN code
3 false entries - blocks
8 digit PUK
10 false entries - disabled
MS
ROM = 6kb to 16kb
RAM = 128 byte to 256 byte
EEPROM = 3 kb to 8 kb
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GSM Course
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
Contents of SIM
Serial Number
IMSI, Subscriber Key ( Ki )
Algorithms for Authentication, Ciphering
Network Code
PIN, PUK
Charging Information
Abbreviated Dialling
Supplementary Features ( e.g. call barring )
SIM features and contents are personalized by the Service Activator
MS also stores some temporary data on SIM during operation
H
GSM Course
Base Station Cell Site Architecture
Mains
Power
Panel
DC
Power
Supply
Unit




Battery
Backup
Abis
BTS
DMR
GSM Antenna System
BTS Cabin/Shelter/Room
AirCon
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GSM Course
BTS - Base Transceiver Station

BTS
MS
BSC
MSC
CELL
BTS has a set of Transceivers to communicate with mobile's in its area
One BTS covers one or more than one cell
The capacity of a cell depends upon number of tranceivers in a cell.
BTS is connected to the BSC through Abis Interface, which is a 2Mb/s
BTS transmit and receive voice at 13 kbps over air interface to the mobiles.
BTS commands mobiles to set Tx. power, timing advance and Handovers
RF Channels
Abis - 2 MBits/s
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GSM Course
BTS Architecture 1

BSC

Tx
Rx A
Rx B
Splitter
Processor Modules
T
S
B
P P
PCM
Interface
Alarm
Interface
A1
TRX TRX
1 2
B1
A2
B2
T
R
A
U
BTS
COM
RFU
BPF
Fr
R
e
f
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GSM Course

BTS Architecture 2
TRX Logic
TRX RF
Power
Amplifier
TRX Unit
PSU & Climate Control
Antenna
ABIS
over G703
Backplane
BTS Cabinet. 3 Channel. Single Sector
I Q
RF
I Q
Combiner / Distribution Unit
Rx Filter LNA
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r

Combiner D
u
p
l
e
x
e
r

Coupler
Coupler
Interface
Frequency Reference
Unit
CPU
BTS
Alarms
NEM
Proprietary
Interface
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GSM Course
BSC - Base Station Controller
Several BTS's are connected to one BSC
BSC manages channel allocation,handovers and release of channels at connected BTS's
BSC connects to each BTS on an Abis interface & to the MSC on A interface
BSC has the entire database for all cell parameters associated with the BTS's.























































































MSC

Abis
A
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GSM Course
Base Station Controller
BTS


Processor Modules
P
C
M
P
C
M
P
C
M
T
S
B
P P
T
M
G
T
R
A
U


MSC
BSC
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GSM Course
Abis Interface

E1 / T1
Abis is a G.703 interface. It could be E1 or T1
Abis carrries Traffic information of all the mobiles in the cells controlled by
the BTS.
Abis also carriers signalling information between BTS and BSC
Signaling over Abis is done by LAPD protocols
LAPD has several modes of implementation
--- LAPD
--- LAPD Concentrated
--- LAPD Multiplexed
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GSM Course
Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD
Signaling for each TRX is on a dedicated 64 Kbps circuit
Maximum Signalling for 10 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 TRX Signaling
64 kbps 2 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 3 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 4 TRX Signaling
64 kbps 5 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 6 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 7 TRX Signaling
64 kbps 8 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 9 4 Traffic Channels

} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
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GSM Course
Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 1
Signaling for 4 TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps ciruit
Maximum Signalling for 13 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 4 x TRX Signaling
64 kbps 2 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 3 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 4 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 5 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 6 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 7 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 8 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 9 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 10 4 x TRX Signaling

} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
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GSM Course
LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 2
Signaling for All TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps ciruit
Maximum Signalling for 15 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 ALL TRX Signaling
64 kbps 2 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 3 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 4 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 5 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 6 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 7 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 8 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 9 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 10 4 Traffic Channels
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
Abis Interface
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GSM Course
Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Multiplexed
Signaling for each TRX is on 16kbps subchannel.
Maximum signalling for 15 TRX's on
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 2 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 3 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 4 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 5 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 6 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 7 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 8 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 9 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
64 kbps 10 4 Traffic Channels
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX

TRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation Unit
The MSC is based on ISDN switching. The Fixed Network is also ISDN based
ISDN has speech rate of 64kbps. Mobile communicates at 13 Kbps
TRAU converts the data rates between 13 KB/s GSM rate to 64 Kbits /s Standard ISDN rate
TRAU can be colocated with the BTS,BSC or MSC or it can be a separate unit.
MS
MS
RF Channels
BTS
BSC
MSC

TRAU
Abis
interface
2 MBits/s
A
interface
2 MBits/s
13 KBits/sec
P
S
T
N
16 KBits/sec 16 KBits/sec
64 KBits/sec
VOICE
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GSM Course
LOCATION OF TRANSCODER
Colocated with MSC,BSC,BTS
Separate Unit
16 kbps
64 kbps
BSC Transcoder
MSC
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GSM Course
MSC - Mobile Switching Centre
Exchange where calls are established,maintained and released.
Database for all subcribers and their associated features.
Communicates with BSC's on MS side and with PSTN on fixed line side.
MSC is weighted on the number of subcribers it can support











BSC's
BTS's
HLR
VLR

MSC
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GSM Course
MSC - Mobile Switching Centre
Multiple MSC's
BSC's
BSC's
MSC
MSC
GMSC

More subscribers ? More MSC's !
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GSM Course
HLR - Home Location Register




HLR
MSC has all subscriber database stored in HLR
HLR has all permanent subscriber database
MSC communicates with HLR to get data for subscribers on call
HLR will have the series of all subscriber numbers, which may not be activated or issued .
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GSM Course
VLR - Visiting Location Register












VLR








HLR
A subscribtion when activated is registered in VLR
VLR has all the subscriber no's which are activated
VLR also has temporary database of all activated subscribers ( on/off, location )
MSC communicates with HLR for susbcribers coming from different MSC's
and if found valid, then registers them in its VLR
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GSM Course
AUC - Authentication Centre




HLR
AUC
MSC
MS
Authentification is a process by which a SIM is verified
Secret data and the verification process alogorithm are stored at AUC
AUC is the element which carries out the verification of SIM
AUC is associated with the HLR

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GSM Course
EIR : Equipment Identity Register
EIR is the Mobile Equipment Database which has a series of IMEI's
MSC asks the Mobile to send its IMEI
MSC then checks the validity of IMEI with the EIR
All IMEI are stored in EIR with relevant classfications
EIR
MSC
Classifications of IMEI( Mobile Stations )
White List
Grey List
Black List
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GSM Course
BC - Billing Centre
BC
BC Generates the Billing Statement for each Subscriber
BC may be directly connected to the MSC
MSC sents the billing information ( duration of call ) to BC
BC then produces the billing amount based on the units set
H
GSM Course
OMC - Operations & Maintenance Centre
It is central monitoring and remote maintenance centre for all network elements
OMC has links to BSC's and MSC
OMC Terminals
BTS's
BTS's
BTS's
OMC System
BSC's
MSC
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GSM Course
OMC - Operations & Maintenance Centre
BTS's
BTS's
OMC System
BSC's
MSC
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OMC - R
OMC - S
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GSM Course
OMC - RADIO
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
BSC BSC
TRANSCODER
MSC
MUX / DEMUX
SERVER OMC - R
X.25 SWITCH
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GSM Course
OMC - Functions
Environmental Alarms
Power , Fire, Security,
Aircons, etc.
Equipment Failure Alarms
BTS, BSC site Failures
MSC and pheripheral failures
Alarm Monitoring
Add new hardware
Modify control parameters
other software changes.
Configuration Changes
Cell Traffic Analysis
No of calls, o/g ,i/c
PSTN, Call drops etc.
Performance Analysis
OMC Functions
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GSM Course
Equipment Alarms
BTS , BSC , Transcoder Failures

Link Failures

Module Failures ( Transceiver,Processors)
Network
BTS
A
Transceiver 1 Fail
17:35hrs Site A
Transceiver 1 Fail
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GSM Course
Cell Traffic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
cell names
TCH TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS FROM 09:00 to 21:00hrs
1
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GSM Course
SMSC - Short Message Service Centre
Message is sent to a particular mobile.
Message transfer takes place through SMSC
Messages are be sent through a Manual Terminal connected to SMSC
SMSC
MSC
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GSM Course
VMSC : Voice Mail Service centre
VMSC
MSC

It has a database for all Voice Mail Subscribers
It also stores all the Voice Mail - Voice Messages
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GSM Course
GSM Signaling Interfaces
VLR
HLR/AUC
EIR
PSTN
GMSC
GSMSC
VLR
HLR/
AUC
Abis
A
B
C
F
E
G
D
SS7/R2
MSC
BSC
BTS
OML
OMC
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I = SS7
Abis = LAPD
OML = X.25
SUPP
I
H
A GSM Cell
Broadcast
CHannel
Traffic
CHannel
BTS
Abis
Interface
To BSC
BCH
TCH
Separate Bands for Uplink and Downlink
Down link : 935 - 960 MHz ( E-GSM 925 - 960 MHz )
Uplink : 890 - 915 MHz ( E-GSM 880 - 915 MHz)
TDMA and FDMA Multiplex
124 Frequency Channels (ARFCN) for GSM900
1 to 124 for current band
975 to 1023 for E-GSM
200kHz Channels
8 Mobiles share ARFCN by TDMA

0.3 GMSK Modulation
270.833 kbits/sec. rate

Variable Tx Power and Timing
GSM Air Interface
TDMA and FDMA
1 2 3
4
5
6
7
3
4 5 6
7
0

1
2
Time
Frequency
Amplitude
ARFCN
Timeslot
Physical Channel is an
ARFCN and Timeslot
The GSM Burst
Time
Frequency
Amplitude
Speech Coding
PSTN
Air Interface
PCM Coding - 64 KB/s
RPE-LTP Coding in GSM - 13 KB/s

RPE and LTP Coder ( Regular Pulse
Excited - Long Term Prediction )

RPE-LTP is a combination of RELP and
MPE-LTP codecs.

Coverts Speech to Low Data Rate

20ms Speech makes 260 Bits

Output 13 kbit/s
20 ms Blocks
Speech Coder
Bits Ordered
260 Bits
260 Bits
132 78
Important
Bits
Other
Bits
50
Very Important
Bits
Speech Coder - Defined under GSM TS 6.10

Block Code
132 78 50
Type Ia Type Ib Type II
Re-ordering
Half rate convolutional code
CRC
50 132
78 3
Type Ia Type Ib Type II
378 78
Type II
25 25 78
4
66 66 3
Tail CRC Type Ib Type Ia Type Ia Type Ib Type II
262 Bits in
456 Bits Out
456
Bits from 20ms of Speech
Error Correction
Diagonal Interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57
456
Bits from 20ms of Speech
456
Bits from 20ms of Speech
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Traffic Channel (TCH) Bursts Carry Two 57 Bit Blocks (114) Each
120ms of Speech = 456x6 = 2736 bits
2736 / 114 = 24 bursts i.e. 24 frames (mobile Tx once per frame)
Multiframe has 26 frames in 120ms
There are 2 spare frames ......One SACCH, One Idle
TCH
Convolutional Coding &
Interleaving
HELLO FOLKS
HHEELLLLOO FFOOLLKKSS
ELSOLHLOFK LEOLSHOLKF
EL SOL HLOFK LEOLSHOLKF
HHEELLL - OO FFO - LLKK - S
HELLO FOLKS
Bits to be Txed:
Convolutionally
Encoded:
Interleaved:
Bits Rxed:
De-Interleaved:
Viterbi Decoded:
C
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
l

E
n
c
o
d
e
r

I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
r

D
e
-

I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
r

H
e
l
l
o
.
.
.
.
.

Example:
H
GSM Course
Speech coding Process
20ms
Speech Coder
260 bits
50 132 78
1a 1b 11
Channel Coder
456 bits
13 kbps
22.8 Kbps
Tranceiver ( BTS )
22.8 Kbps
456 bits
260 bits
13 kbps
Transcoder Handler
260 + 60 = 320 bits
16 kbps
TRAU Frame
Abis
H
GSM Course
TRAU Frame
260 bits info + 60 TRAU bits = 320 bits/ 20ms = TRAU Frame

60 bits contains Frame Information data which indicates
speech,data,idle,O & M , full-rate/half-rate.
16 Kbps T =
T T T T Synch Sign
T0 T1
T2
T3
T30 T31
Abis
60 bits = 35 synchronization + 21control + 4 timing
8 Midamble Patterns (Colour Codes) of 26 bits
RACH and SCH have Longer 41 and 64 bit Midambles

Equalizer Estimates Channel Impulse Response From
Midamble
Mathematically Construct Inverse Filter
Uses Inverse to Decode Data Bits
Midamble or Training Bits
Timeslot
(normal burst)
Midamble
8.25
bits
3
57
bits
1
26
bits
1
57
bits
3
Guard
Period
Data
Tail
bits
Data
Control
bit
Tail
bit
Control
bit
GSM TDMA Power Burst
+1.0 dB
-1.0 dB
+4 dB
-6 dB
-30 dB
-70 dB
-6 dB
-30 dB
-70 dB
147 "Useful" Bits
542.8ms
148 "Active" Bits, 546.42ms
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
10ms 8ms 10ms 10ms
10ms 8ms
Power
Time
0.3 GMSK Modulation
Data
Frequency
Phase
+67.708 kHz
-67.708 kHz
270.833kB/s
+90deg
-90deg
I
Q
Uplink Lags Downlink by 3 Timeslot periods
Uplink and Downlink use same Timeslot Number
Uplink and Downlink use same Channel Number (ARFCN)
Uplink and Downlink use different bands (45MHz apart for
GSM900)
Downlink and Uplink
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
2
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
Downlink
Uplink
45 MHz
Measurements by MS and BTS
RXLEV is the received power level
RXQUAL is the received quality.
It is the bit errorr measured on the M idamble
0
1 < 0.2 %
2 0.2 - 0.4 %
3 0.4 - 0.8 %
4 0.8 - 1.6 %
5 1.6 - 3.2 %
6 3.2 - 6.4 %
7 6.4 - 12.8 %
RXQUAL
Measuring Adjacent Cell BCH Power
UPLINK
ADJACENT CELL
BCH
DOWNLINK
RXLEV RXLEV RXLEV
RXLEV
RXLEV
Mobile Power Control
Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power
Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss
Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs
Tx Level
5
6
7
.
14
15

Power dBm
33
31
29
.
15
13
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at
the correct time. They must not overlap.
BTS
Timing Advance
Concept of Channels in GSM
1. To pick up employees in the morning
2. To receive company guests from airport
3. To carry material to the site / stores
4. To Collect mail/courier
5. To drop the employees back home
6. To get a doctor in case of emergency
7. To carry company gusts for a dinner
If there were two vehicles, we can allocate a set of tasks
to one , and rest to the other. However, since both are
identicle vehicles, there is greater flexibility in usage.
Concept of Channels in GSM
A company vehicle is used for several purposes in a day..
0
1
5
6
7
4
2 3 4
0
1
2
3
FRAME NUMBER
Time Sharing by Channels
Concept of Frames

C T T T T T T T

C T T T T T T T

C T T T T T T T
Frame No. 1
Frame No. 2
Frame No. 3
Time slot Number..
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C T T T T T T T
Frame No. 4
CHANNEL ALLOCATIONS IN A CELL







0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7
U1
U1
U1 U1
U5 U5 U5 U5 U5 U5 U5 U5 U5
U2 U2 U2 U2 U2
U3 U3 U3 U3 U3 U3 U3
U4 U4 U4 U4 U4 U4 U4 U4
U6 U6 U6 U6 U6 U6 U6 U6
FRAME Number
U7 U7 U7 U7 U7
U8 U8 U8 U8

C C
C
C
C C C C
C
C
C
C
Frames and Multiframes
(normal burst)
Control Channel Multiframe
Frame
Timeslot
156.25 Bits
8 Timeslots
Guard
Period
4.615ms
576.92 us
8.25
bits
3
57 bits
1
26
bits
1
57 bits
3
Data
Tail
bits
Data
Control
bit
Midamble
Tail
bit
Control
bit
0
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
0
50
0
26
Traffic Channel Multiframe
Channels in GSM Air Interface

PHYSICAL CHANNELS
ARFCNs - 1 to 124 ( D & U )
Timeslots - 0 to 7 ( D & U )
Total of 124 x 8 = 992 Channels

LOGICAL CHANNELS
ARFCN - X , Timeslot - Y
Frame Number - N
1 2 3
4
5
3
4 5 6
0
1
2


BCH -
BROADCAST
CHANNELS


DCCH -
DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS


CCCH -
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS


CONTROL CHANNELS TRAFFIC CHANNELS

PCH -
PAGING
CHANNEL

FCCH -
Frequency
Correction
Channel

SCH -
Synchronisation
Channel

BCCH -
Broadcast
Control Channel

SDCCH -
Standalone
Dedicated
Control
Channnel

SACCH -
Slow
Associated
Control
Channnel

FACCH -
FAST
ASSOCIATED
CONTROL
CHANNEL

AGCH -
ACCESS
GRANT
CHANNEL

RACH -
RANDOM
ACCESS
CHANNEL

TCH - F
FULL RATE
TRAFFIC
CHANNEL

TCH -
TRAFFIC
CHANNEL


TCH - H
HALF RATE
TRAFFIC
CHANNEL











One ARFCN, On all the time, in every cell
Uses Timeslot 0 on a channel, in Downlink.
Allows Mobiles to tune to BTS freq. - FCCH
This channel carries a 142 bit zero
sequence and repeats once in every 10
frames on BCH
Allows Mobile to Synchronise - SCH
This channel carries the Frame number and
BSIC in encrypted data format. Amidamble
of 64 bits helps mobiles to synchronize.
SCH also repeats once every 10 Frames.
Allows Mobiles to identify Network - BCCH
Used to broadcastl Cell and Network
identity. BCCH occupies 4 frames on BCH.
and repeats once every Multiframe.
BCH - Broadcast CHannel
BCH
BCH Sub channels
FCCH
SCH
142 bits - all 0's 3
3
8.25
Start
Bits
Stop
Bits
Guard
Bits
3
3
8.25 39 39
64
Training
Sequence
Guard
Bits
Stop
Bits
Start
Bits
Encrypted
Data Bits
Encrypted
Data Bits
BCCH
3
3
8.25
Start
Bits
Stop
Bits
Guard
Bits
3
3
8.25
Start
Bits
Stop
Bits
Guard
Bits
3
3
8.25
Start
Bits
Stop
Bits
Guard
Bits
3
3
8.25
Start
Bits
Stop
Bits
Guard
Bits
BCH
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
26
26
26
26
CCCH shares Timeslot 0 with BCH on a Multiframe
CCCH consists of PCH , RACH & AGCH.
PCH - Paging Channel is used to alert mobiles on
incomming calls. PCH carries IMSI to page for
Mobiles in the cell. PCH is Downlink channel.
RACH - Random Access Channel - is a short burst
sent by mobile to BTS , to initiate a call request .
RACH uses Timeslot 0 on reverse BCH channel on
Uplink.
AGCH - Access Grant Channel - When mobile
sends a RACH to BTS, BTS responds by allocating
a SDCCH channel to mobile over AGCH.
CCCH - Common Control CHannel
BCH
Used by the MOBILE to get attention from
BASE STATION in the Uplink.
Several mobiles might originate RACH
simultaneously.
RACH uses a Slotted ALOHA access
scheme.
Mobile doesn't know path delay
So RACH has to be a special SHORT
BURST
Mobile sends normal burst only after
getting Timing Advance on Downlink
SACCH
RACH - Random Access CHannel
8 3 68.25 41 36
Extended
Guard Period
Stop
Bits
Start
Bits
Synchronisation
Bits
Encrypted
Data Bits
88 bits
BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - DOWNLINK
Frame number ( DOWN LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
FCCH - Frequency correction Channel
SCH - Synchronisation Channel
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
AGCH - Access Grant Chan
PCH - Paging Channel
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S



F S F S I



0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
Time
slots
BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - UPLINK
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H


Frame number ( UP LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0

1
2
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH



26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
0

1
2
RACH - Random Access Channel
( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)
Time
slots
DCCH - Dedicated Control Channels
Dedicated Control Channels have a TCH like allocation.
DCCH have three Sub Channels.
SDCCH - Standalone Dedicated Control Channel This
is used as an interim channel before final assignment of
TCH. SDCCH is used for signalling and Authentication
message transfers.
FACCH - Fast Associated Control Channel . FACCH is
used by BTS to command a handoff to the mobile. A
TCH frame is used up by FACCH , since handoff has to
take place on priority.
SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel - SACCH
flows at a slower rate on Uplink & Downlink along with
TCH or SDCCH. During a call, SACCH flows once for
every 24 Frames of TCH .
SDCCH - Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel
USED DURING CALL SET-UP

Stepping Stone between BCH and TCH

Used for Authentication Etc.
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
BCH
BCH
BCH
DOWNLINK ( BTS - MS )
Mobile Tx Power Commands
Mobile Timing Advance
Cell's Channel Configuration

UPLINK ( MS - BTS )
Received signal quality report
(RXQual)
Received signal level report (RXLev)
Adjacent BCH power measurements
Mobile's status
SACCH - Slow Associated Control CHannel
INTERRUPTS TCH ON UPLINK AND
DOWNLINK
Rapid message exchange for handovers
Control Bits either side of midamble:
Indicate TCH ( 0 ) or FACCH ( 1 )
FACCH - Fast Associated Control CHannel
Miidamble
8.25
bits
3
57
bits
1
26
bits
1
57
bits
3
Guard
Period
Data
Tail
bits
Data
Control
bit
Tail
bit
Control
bit
SDCCH - Combined Channel Config
( Shares Time slot 0 with BCH and CCCH )
Frame number ( DOWN LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S D D D D



D D D D F S D D D D D D D D F S H H H H H H H H I



SDCCH ( D ) : Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
SACCH ( H ) : Slow Associated Control Channel
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - UPLINK
S
D
C
C
H
S
D
C
C
H
S
D
C
C
H
S
D
C
C
H
RA
CH
RA
CH
S
A
C
CH
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
SA
CC
H
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H
R
A
C
H


Frame number ( UP LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0

1
2
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
RA
CH
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
RA
CH
RA
CH
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H
SD
CC
H


26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
0

1
2
RACH - Random Access Channel
( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)
Time
slots
8.25 bits
3
57
bits
1
26
bits
1
57
bits
3
Guard
Period
Data
Tail
bits
Data
Control
bit
Midamble
Tail
bit
Control
bit
TCH - Traffic Channel
One time burst
Traffic Channel carries the Voice data.
Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data .
One TCH is allocated for every active call. While call is in
progress if there is degradation in quality of current channel,
BTS may shift the communication to another TCH on a different
Carrier and/or Time slot .
A Full rate TCH carries 13 KB/s voice data , and Half rate TCH
carries a 6.5 KB/s voice data.
156.25 bits or 576.92 uS
TCH Multiframe - TCH Full rate
26 Frames - 120 ms
24 Carry Speech, 1 Idle, 1 SACCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
T T
A
- T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
SACCH
Idle
TCH Multiframe - TCH Half rate
26 Frames - 120 ms
24 Carry Speech , 2 SACCH
( shared by two mobiles - a & b )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ta Tb
Aa
Ab Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb
SACCH-a
SACCH-b
Click here to type bulleted text
F S B B B B A A A A A A A A F S P P P P D D D D D D
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle
Frame number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


T - TCH SA - SACCH I - Idle
A delay of (12 * 8)+1 Timeslots
is kept between two successive
SACCH .
TCH and SACCH - FRAMES
Time
Slots
H
GSM Course
FRAMES
0
0
1
1
2
2
48
23
49
24
50
25
= 6.12 sec
1 Superframe = 51 x 26 CCH MF = 1326 TF
= 26 x 51 TCH MF = 1326 TF
1 Burst = 577usecs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 TDMA Frame
= 8 bursts = 4.616 ms
0
1 2
23
24 25
0
1 2
48
49 50
Multiframe
1 TCH Multiframe = 26 TF = 120ms 1 CCH Multiframe = 51 TF = 234.6ms
0 1
2
3 2044
2045
2046
2047
1 Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes = 2715648 TDMA Frames
= 3 hrs 28 min 53 sec 760 ms
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS
at
the correct time. They must not overlap.
BTS
Timing Advance
H
Timing Advance
T
B
Synch Seq
41 bits
Encrypted
bits 36
T
B
Guard Period
68.25 bp
63 bits
Timing Adv
5.25 GP
BSS calculates access delay from RACH in terms of bits
Informs Mobile to delay its timing in terms of bits
Maximum Timing Advance of 63 bits
RACH Burst
H
Mobile Maximum Range
Range = Timing Advance x bit period x velocity
2
Range = Distance between Mobile to Base Station
Timing Advance = Delay of Bits ( 0 -- 63 )
Bit period = 577 / 156.25 = 3.693 usecs = 3.693 x 10e-6 secs
Velocity = 3 x 10e5
Range = ( 63 ) x ( 3.693 x 10e-6 ) x (3 x 10e5)
2
= 34.9 kms
Hopping Traffic Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C1
C2
C3
C1
C2
C3
UPLINK
ADJACENT CELL
BCH
DOWNLINK
IREG


PURPOSE: To test various call scenarios to provide reliable
Roaming services
Various Call Scenarios
Mobile to Mobile
PSTN to Mobile
Checking Announcements
Call Forwarding
SMS Test
Combined Test
H
Mobile Searches for Broadcast Channels
(BCH)

Synchronises Frequency and Timing

Decodes BCH sub-channels (BCCH)

Checks if Network Allowed by SIM

Location Update

Authentication
Mobile Turn-On
BSC
MSC
Location Area 1
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
Location Area 3
Location Area 2
Location Area
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identity
H
IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION AREA
Reduce Paging Load

Resource Planning




























L.Area = 1
L.Area = 2
L.Area = 3
H
What is Location Update
MSC should know the Location of the Mobile for paging.
Mobile is continously changing Location Area.
Mobile when changes Location Area informs the MSC about its new L.A

Process of informing MSC about new Location Area is Location Update




























L.Area = 1
L.Area = 2
L.Area = 3
Location Update
H
IMSI ATTACH
Mobile turns off and sends an IMSI Detach to MSC.

Mobile turns on again and compares LAI.

If same,sends an IMSI attach to MSC.
1. Normal Location Update.

2. IMSI Attach.

3. Periodic Location Update.
Types of Location Update
H
NORMAL LOCATION UPDATE
Mobile turns on power.

Reads the new LAI.

If different,does a Location Update.

H
PERIODIC LOCATION UPDATE
Mobile enters non-coverage zone.

MSC goes on sending Pages

Mobile has to inform MSC after a set period.


H
Location Update
Mobile Changes Location Area

Reads the new Location Area from BCCH

Sends a RACH ( request for channel )

Gets a SDCCH on AGCH

Sends its IMSI and new & old LAI in a Location Update Request to MSC on SDCCH

MSC starts Authentication

If successful, Updates the new Location area for the Mobile in the VLR

Sends a confirmation to the Mobile

Mobiles leaves SDCCH , and comes to idle mode
H
Mobile Originated Call
Channel Request
Immediate Assign
Service Request
Authentication
Set Up
Ciphering
Call Proceeding
Assignment
Alerting
Connection
H
MOBILE TERMINATED CALL
Channel Request
Immediate Assign
Authentication
Set Up
Ciphering
Call Confirmed
Assignment
Alerting
Connection
Paging
Paging Response
H
Security Features
Authentication
--- Process to verify the Authenticity of SIM
--- Mobile is asked to perform an operation using an
identity unique to SIM.
Ciphering
--- Process of coding speech for secrecy
--- The speech bits are EXORed with bit stream unique to MS
H
Security Features
TMSI Reallocation
Loc Upd ( IMSI )
TMSI Allocation
Call Setup ( TMSI )
TMSI Reallocation
H
Security Features
Identity Check
Identity Check ( IMEI )
Sends IMEI

EIR
White listed / Grey listed / Black listed ?????
H
HANDOVER
Cell 1
Cell 2
--- Handover is a process by which the control/communication
of a Mobile is transferred from one cell to another
H
CRITERIA FOR HANDOVER
Receive Quality (RXQUAL) on Uplink & Downlink.

Receive Signal Strength (RXLEV) on Uplink & Downlink.

Distance ( Timing Advance ).

Interference Level.

Power Budget.
H
Handover Decision
BSC processes the measurement reported by Mobile
and the BTS.

BSS performs averaging function on these measurements
every SACCH frame ( 480ms).

Handover Decision algorithm is activated after a set number of
SACCH frame periods by comparison against
Thresholds.
H
TYPES OF HANDOVERS
INTRA - CELL HANDOVER

INTER - CELL HANDOVER

INTRA - BSC HANDOVER

INTER - BSC HANDOVER

INTER - MSC HANDOVER
H
INTRA - CELL HANDOVER
- Handover between channels / timeslots of same cell
BTS
H
INTER - CELL HANDOVER
--- Handover between cells of same BTS
C0
C0
BTS
H
INTRA - BSC HANDOVER
MSC BSC
BTS
BTS
--- This type of Handover takes place if the cell to which
which handover is to be done belongs to the sameBSC.
--- In this the BSC handles everything without involving MSC.
--- The MSC will be informed by the BSC after Handover.
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INTER BSC HANDOVER
MSC
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
--- In this type of Handover,the Mobile is handed over
to a cell which belongs to another BSC.
--- The MSC is completely involved in this Handover
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GMSC
MSC
BSC BTS
MSC
BSC BTS
--- If the cell belongs to another MSC,then it is
Inter-MSC handover.
--- In this case the handover takes place through the
interconnecting element (PSTN) between the MSC's
INTER - MSC HANDOVER
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WHAT IS CELL BARRING ?
BTS
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Every Mobile has an access class .

Every cell defines the Mobile classes which are barred
access.
Cell Barring
USE OF CELL BARRING
--- Reserving Cells for Handovers.

--- Reserving Cells for a certain Mobile Class.
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Both users talk alternately.

Each direction of Transmission is only 50 %


Transmitter is switched ON for useful information frames.
What is DTX ?
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Need for DTX
---- To increase Battery Life

---- To reduce the average interference level
DTX is done by DTX Handlers which
have the following functions.
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Voice Activity Detector ( VAD )
Senses for speech in 20ms blocks

Removes stationary noise.
VAD is an energy detector.

Compares Energy of filtered speech threshold

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Evaluation of Background noise
Background noise is always present with speech.

DTX cuts off this noise with speech.

Gives an uncomfortable feeling to the listener.

VAD takes care by inserting comfort noise.
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CELL BROADCAST
Message is continously broadcasted in cell/or cells

Broadcast is done on SDCCH

BCCH informs the mobile the details of SDCCH for CBCH

Mobile tunes to SDCCH at certain intervals and reads messages

All Mobiles dont support this feature
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Short Message Service
SMS
Centre
MSC/
VLR
BSC
BTS
Short Message is sent to a particular Mobile Station
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Emergency Calls
-- GSM Specs define ' 112' as emergency number

-- '112' is accessible with or without SIM

-- Without SIM it is sent on the best channel

-- Mobile on sensing '112' sets the establishment
cause to emergency call in the RACH

-- Routing of this call can be done to a desired
location defined in the Switch.
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GSM Phase 2 features
Extended Frequency Band ( 50 more channels )

Multiple and Alternate Ciphering Algorithm

Half - Rate Coding

Compatibility with DCS 1800 Specifications

Enhancement of SMS and SIM functions

Additional functions for bearer services
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GSM Phase 2 + features
Data transmission at 64 Kbps and above

DECT access to GSM

PMR/ Public Access Mobile Radio ( PAMR ) - like capabilities

GSM in the local loop

Packet Radio

SIM enhancements

Premium rate services ( e.g. Stock prices sent to your phone )
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Automatic National Roaming
PLMN "A"
PLMN "B"
PLMN "D"
PLMN "C"
STP
Roamer from "A"
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Automatic International Roaming
PLMN "A"
PLMN "Z"
Country
Interntl
Gateway
Interntl
Gateway
Country
Interntl
Gateway